饮用水中硝酸盐的脱除

饮脾水中硝酸氮的污染问题日趋严重,对人类的健康有多方面的危害。离子交换、反渗透、电渗、生物反硝化、化学和化学催化反硝化都可从水中脱除硝酸盐,但目前投入实用的只有离子交换、生物反硝化、反渗透三种工艺。这些脱硝方法各有优缺点。本文综述了饮用水脱硝的应用现状,并对其发展的趋势进行了简单的论述。     

饮用水中硝酸盐氮去除技术的研究与应用

简单介绍了几种去除饮用水中硝酸盐氮的技术方法及其在实际中的应用情况。对生物反硝化法和离子交换法去除饮用水中硝酸盐氮的情况做了比较详细的讨论。     

高硝酸盐地下水离子交换再生液的生物脱硝及循环利用

离子交换法净化含硝酸盐地下水时产生大量高硝高盐废水,为避免其危害环境,利用添加了不同载体(Ti O2和α-Fe2O3)的耐盐改性颗粒活性污泥,生物反硝化去除含0.5 mol/L氯化钠和0.25 mol/L碳酸氢钠的模拟高硝高盐再生废水中的硝酸盐,生物反应器出水经深度处理过程高效去除水溶性有机物(SOC)、悬浮物及微生物后,循环利用于再生树脂。结果显示,颗粒活性污泥生物反硝化可以处理硝酸盐浓度高达75 mmol/L的再生废盐水,添加α-Fe2O3和添加Ti O2的颗粒活性污泥的反硝化能力分别达2.33和0.93 g NO-3-N/(L·d);生物反应器出水中添加氯化钙形成碳酸钙絮凝体,去除生物反硝化自身所产碱度的同时,絮凝去除67%的水溶性有机物;絮凝后出水经颗粒活性炭过滤和臭氧消毒后,可至少再利用于再生树脂10次而不影响树脂处理含硝酸盐地下水的性能,实现了离子交换树脂再生所产高硝高盐废水的生物脱硝与循环利用。     

木屑-硫磺填充床反硝化生物滤池强化硝酸盐去除

针对污水处理厂二级出水深度脱氮的需求,设计了以木屑与硫磺颗粒为填料(质量比1:1)的反硝化生物滤池,对碳氮比失衡的污水处理厂二级出水进行深度脱氮处理。结果表明,木屑释放碳源速率在10 d之后趋于稳定,COD中(40.6±10.0)%是反硝化菌可直接利用的VFA。反硝化生物滤池运行的最佳HRT为10 h,在此条件下,进水硝酸盐(以N计)浓度为30 mg·L~(-1)时,出水硝酸盐浓度最低为11.5 mg·L~(-1),亚硝酸盐(以N计)浓度最低为1.4 mg·L~(-1),反硝化生物滤池内未发生硝酸盐异化还原(DNRA)作用,出水无氨氮积累。出水SO42-浓度最高为73.8 mg·L~(-1)。反硝化生物滤池运行稳定后,出水中COD未超过30 mg·L~(-1),木屑释放的碳源与异养反硝化过程消耗的碳源持平,经反硝化生物滤池深度处理的出水中无过量残留有机物。出水pH稳定在6.9～7.4范围内,反硝化生物滤池无需外加碱类物质。     

电化学强化脱氮中反硝化菌对活性炭纤维电极电化学反应影响初步研究

研究固定反硝化菌活性炭纤维电极的阴极极化行为及其硝酸盐氮脱除率,考察了活性炭纤维电极电化学强化脱氮系统中生物过程对电化学过程的影响。实验表明,反硝化过程影响电极电化学反应,参数表观交换电流密度可用来表征体系反硝化菌的反硝化能力,新定义了生物效益量,其变化率与硝酸盐氮脱除率相关性良好。     

生物处理过程中呼吸作用的动力学和化学计算

综述、估计和进一步探索生物的硝化—脱硝作用的机理和改进。重点特别放在活性污泥的内源性氧呼吸和内源性硝酸盐呼吸(内源性脱硝作用)上。     

苯污染地下水系统反硝化菌分布及其净化过程

生物降解作用是地下水系统有机污染物自然衰减过程中最重要的破坏性衰减机制。在分析中,以我国某受苯污染水源地的地下水系统为对象,研究了该地下水中反硝化菌的分布,筛选出2株土著反硝化菌,通过生物降解实验证明其具有降解苯的能力,同时结合水源地历年的水质监测数据,首次从地球化学及生物学2个方面说明了该地下水中存在反硝化菌对苯的生物净化作用,为进一步研究该地下水中苯自然衰减规律奠定基础。     

基于化学与生物膜耦合深度脱除地下水中硝酸盐氮

我国华北地区超过80%的地下水受到污染,其中硝酸盐氮的污染日益严重,威胁着人类健康。基于单质铁去除地下水中硝酸盐氮,因伴随氨氮的产生而受限制;生物反硝化脱氮因地下水中碳源不足无法满足脱氮要求。采用自制的微电解化学催化固体颗粒与天然生物质构成耦合生物载体,通过自养与异养反硝化耦合深度脱除地下水中硝酸盐氮,并建立了地下水易位好氧、厌氧深度脱氮新工艺。结果表明:好氧反应器在HRT为12 h、DO为2.0～3.0 mg·L-1的条件下,硝酸盐氮平均去除率≥91.24%;厌氧反应器在HRT为14 h的条件下,硝酸盐氮平均去除率≥96.32%;反应器中微电解化学催化固体颗粒可为自养反硝化菌提供电子,生物质可为微生物提供必要的有限碳源,硝酸盐氮的脱除是自制微电解化学催化固体颗粒与生物膜耦合作用的结果。出水均无亚硝酸盐氮和氨氮积累。此技术可为受污染地下水的修复提供理论依据。     

苯污染地下水系统更硝化菌分布及其净化过程

生物降解作用是地下水系统有机污染物自然衰减过程中最重要的破坏性衰减机制。在分析中，以我国某受苯污染水源地的地下水系统为对象，研究了该地下水中反硝化菌的分布，筛选出2株土著反硝化菌，通过生物降解实验证明其具有降解苯的能力，同时结合水源地历年的水质监测数据，首次从地球化学及生物学2个方面说明了该地下水中存在反硝化菌对苯的生物净化作用，为进一步研究该地下水中苯自然衰减规律奠定基础。     

硝酸盐浓度及投加方式对反硝化除磷的影响

采用SBR反应器，详细研究了硝酸盐浓度及其投加方式对反硝化除磷过程的影响。结果表明，缺氧环境下的反硝化吸磷速率与作为电子受体的硝酸盐浓度有很大的关系，硝酸盐浓度越高．吸磷速率越快。当硝酸盐浓度较低．不足以氧化反硝化聚磷菌细胞内的PHB从而导致体系反硝化除磷效率的下降。相同浓度的硝酸盐，采用流加的方式可以获得比一次性投加更高的反硝化吸磷速率。缺氧环境下，反硝化脱氮量与磷的吸收量成良好的线性关系．借助于反硝化聚磷菌，反硝化脱氮与除磷可在一种环境中完成，有效解决了废水中COD不足的问题．同时达到了节省能源和降低污泥产量的目的。     

New methods of nitrate removal from water

Nitrate contamination in groundwater resources originates mainly from the excessive use of fertilisers and uncontrolled land discharges of treated wastewater. This can cause potential health hazards to infants and pregnant women, thus limiting the direct use of the groundwater resources for the human consumption in several parts of the world, including India. The conventional processes used to eliminate nitrate from water are ion exchange, reverse osmosis and electro-dialysis. The utility of these processes has been limited due to their expensive operation and subsequent disposal problem of the generated nitrate waste brine. This paper presents a comprehensive account of the methods/techniques used for the removal of nitrate ion from water during the last 10 years with special reference to the biological denitrification and fate of the metals in decontamination processes.     

Nitrate contamination in water resources,human health risks and its remediation through adsorption: a focused review

The level of nitrate in water has been increasing considerably all around the world due to vast application of inorganic nitrogen fertiliser and animal manure. Because of nitrate’s high solubility in water, human beings are getting exposed to it mainly through various routes including water, food etc. Various regulations have been set for nitrate (45–50 mgNO₃^?/L) in drinking water to protect health of the infants from the methemoglobinemia, birth defects, thyroid disease, risk of specific cancers, i.e. colorectal, breast and bladder cancer caused due to nitrate poisoning. Different methods like ion exchange, adsorption, biological denitrification etc. have the ability to eliminate the nitrate from the aqueous medium. However, adsorption process got preference over the other approaches because of its simple design and satisfactory results especially with surface modified adsorbents or with mineral-based adsorbents. Different types of adsorbents have been used for this purpose; however, adsorbents derived from the biomass wastes have great adsorption capacities for nitrate such as tea waste-based adsorbents (136.43 mg/g), carbon nanotube (142.86 mg/g), chitosan beads (104 mg/g) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide modified rice husk (278 mg/g). Therefore, a thorough literature survey has been carried out to formulate this review paper to understand various sources of nitrate pollution, route of exposure to the human beings, ill effects along with discussing the key developments as well as the new advancements reported in procuring low-cost efficient adsorbents for water purification.

     

饮用水中硝酸根的催化还原研究进展

由于化肥的过度使用 ,造成地下水中硝酸盐的污染日益严重。饮用水中高浓度的硝酸盐对人类健康会产生极大的威胁。本文综述了催化还原脱除水中硝酸根的研究进展和现状 ,并对其发展趋势进行了简单的论述。     

复合介质渗透反应格栅去除地下水中的氨氮

针对受低浓度氨氮污染的地下水,实验筛选组合了不同的反应介质,利用串联的多介质填充柱模拟渗透反应格栅,通过物理吸附及生物硝化-反硝化作用来实现氮的去除。结果表明,在进水氨氮浓度为10 mg/L、流速为0.5 m/d的条件下,模拟柱对氨氮的去除率达到98%以上,且不会出现亚硝酸盐及硝酸盐浓度的升高。水体经过释氧柱后溶解氧由2mg/L升高至10 mg/L以上,表明释氧材料可提供硝化细菌所需的好氧环境。好氧柱中填充易于生物挂膜的生物陶粒及对氨氮有较强吸附能力的沸石,二者联用通过生物硝化-物理吸附协同作用实现对氨氮的去除,其中生物作用实现的氨氮去除量占总去除量的50%左右。后续厌氧反应柱填充海绵铁除氧并利用松树皮颗粒作为碳源,创造反硝化菌生长条件,硝酸盐氮浓度可由10 mg/L降低至5 mg/L以下,实现对好氧反应阶段所产生的硝酸盐的去除,避免了地下水的二次污染。     

Biological denitrification in drinking water treatment using the seaweed Gracilaria verrucosa as carbon source and biofilm carrier.

Chemical and microbiological aspects were investigated with regard to biological denitrification of drinking water using the seaweed Gracilaria verrucosa as the carbon and energy substrate and as physical support for the microbial flora in semibatch, fixed-bed reactors. Complete removal of nitrate (100 mg/L) was readily achieved without accumulation of nitrite. Microbiological analysis indicated that the effluent of the reactor contained high numbers of bacteria (>10(6)/mL total count). Among the 44 bacterial strains isolated directly from the samples or isolated after enrichment at 37 degrees C, 25 different fatty acid profiles were found, indicating a complex microflora, including potential pathogens.     

Assessing demineralization treatments for PVC effluent reuse in the resin polymerization step

To reduce fresh water consumption in a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plant, the effluent from a biological treatment must be demineralized to be re-used in the resin polymerization process. Demineralization is a critical process, since the quality and the stability of the PVC resins are highly influenced by the water quality used in the process. The main target values for water parameters are the following: conductivity <10 μScm^?1, TOC < 10 mg L^?1, and Al < 0.1 mg L^?1. To achieve this quality, several reverse osmosis membranes from different materials and suppliers were tested and compared in the demineralization treatment. Polyamide membranes showed higher salt rejection compared to cellulose acetate membranes yielding both types similar flux and permeability. Two-pass reverse osmosis treatment was necessary to reach conductivities lower than 10 μS cm^?1. On the other hand, a good quality effluent for reuse was obtained by combining RO and ionic exchange resins. Results showed that good quality PVC resins in terms of color, granulometry, porosity, and bulk density were obtained when demineralized water from two-pass reverse osmosis was used as fresh water, proving the feasibility of the effluent reuse in the PVC industry.     

Numerical simulation of a fine-grained denitrification layer for removing septic system nitrate from shallow groundwater

One of the most common methods to dispose of domestic wastewater involves the release of septic effluent from drains located in the unsaturated zone. Nitrogen from such systems is currently of concern because of nitrate contamination of drinking water supplies and eutrophication of coastal waters. It has been proposed that adding labile carbon sources to septic distribution fields could enhance heterotrophic denitrification and thus reduce nitrate concentrations in shallow groundwater. In this study, a numerical model which solves for variably saturated flow and reactive transport of multiple species is employed to investigate the performance of a drain field design that incorporates a fine-grained denitrification layer. The hydrogeological scenario simulated is an unconfined sand aquifer. The model results suggest that the denitrification layer, supplemented with labile organic carbon, may be an effective means to eliminate nitrogen loading to shallow groundwater. It is also shown that in noncalcareous aquifers, the denitrification reaction may provide sufficient buffering capacity to maintain near neutral pH conditions beneath and down gradient of the drain field. Leaching of excess dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from the denitrification layer is problematic, and causes an anaerobic plume to develop in simulations where the water table is less than 5-6 m below ground surface; this anaerobic plume may lead to other down gradient changes in groundwater quality. A drain field and denitrification layer of smaller dimensions is shown to be just as effective for reducing nitrate, but has the benefit of reducing the excess DOC leached from the layer. This configuration will minimize the impact of wastewater disposal in areas where the water table is as shallow as 3.5 m.     

Nitrate distribution and denitrification in the saturated zone of paddy field under rice/wheat rotation

Nitrate concentration in well water collected from the wells near farm houses was investigated in the Taihu Lake basin (TBL) of China. Nitrate-N content of the well water ranged from 0.1 to 23 mgNl(-1), and 41% exceeded the criteria (10 mg Nl(-1)). It was found that the difference in well conditions, especially the depth of the well, was the main cause of the difference in the nitrate concentration of well water, i.e. it was higher in shallow well and lower in deeper well. A recommendation was made for local farmers to drill wells deeper than 10 m in order to reduce the risk of high ingestion of nitrate-N in their drinking water. Nitrate distribution and denitrification in the saturated zone of a paddy field under rice/wheat rotation in the TBL were studied. Porous pipes were installed in triplicate at depths of 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.5 and 5 m respectively to collect the soil solution samples. Results showed that nitrate was the predominant N form in soil solution of saturated zone, and it increased from 1.5 to 2.5 m depth, and decreased from 2.5 to 5 m depth. N2O captured in the soil solution was very high comparing with N2O content in air. N2O content was positively correlated with nitrate concentrations in the soil profile. These results indicate that nitrate leached into saturated zone was mainly transformed via denitrification processes. Comparing the sum of inorganic nitrogen with the total nitrogen in soil solution samples collected from those wells at the field, some soluble organic nitrogen was found about 1-2 mg N l(-1) in average.     

Nitrate removal under different ecological remediation measures in Taihu Lake: a 15 N mass-balance approach

Ecological remediation is an important measure for the protection of lake water quality in removing nutrients, such as nitrate (NO₃ ^?). In this study, four bioremediation processes (bare sediment, immobilized nitrogen cycling bacteria (INCB) added, Elodea nuttallii added, E. nuttallii-INCB assemblage) were operated at a lab to elucidate the effect of macrophyte appearance and INCB addition on NO₃ ^? removal and achieve the optimal processes for biomediation. ¹⁵?N-NO₃ solution was added to microcosms to identify the key nitrogen transformation processes responsible for NO₃ ^? removal. Results showed that nitrate removal was significantly enhanced after the addition of INCB and E. nuttallii. In the treatments with INCB added, E. nuttallii added, and INCB and E. nuttallii-INCB assemblage, nitrate removal ratio achieved 94.74, 98.76, and 99.15 %, respectively. In contrast, only 23.47 % added nitrate was removed in the control. Plant uptake and denitrification played an important role in nitrogen removal. The water quality was substantially improved by the addition of INCB and macrophyte that can accelerate denitrification and promote nitrogen assimilation of plants. The results indicated that plant uptake and microbial denitrification were key processes for nitrate removal.     

安全饮用水保障处理中试平台的开发和建设

安全饮用水保障处理中试平台，除具有常规处理工艺外，还引入臭氧接触氧化／催化臭氧氧化、纳滤和反渗透过滤技术、动态膜树脂吸附、光催化氧化、管网生物膜控制等新技术。作者介绍了中试平台建设的设计思路、处理流程及控制系统，并对平台建设的作用进行了阐述。