荆马河沉积物的生物毒性及其农田利用

本文论述了荆马河沉积物的污染状况,对其生物毒性进行分析评估,并探讨了该沉积物农田利用的适宜性,提出了农业综合利用底泥的有效途径及相应采取的措施。     

多氯联苯污染沉积物质量评价研究进展

介绍了多氯联苯污染沉积物质量评价的研究进展，其中，简单介绍了多氯联苯的有关概况及环境行为、沉积物质量评价方法及基准研究进展；最后，重点介绍了包括多氯联苯在内的憎水性有机物污染沉积物质量评价的研究现状及存在问题。     

大宝山矿区水体和沉积物中重金属的污染评价

分别于丰水期和枯水期对广东省大宝山矿区铁龙拦泥坝至凉桥河段水体中溶解态的重金属进行了调查,应用EPA推荐的健康风险评价模型发现,水体中非致癌物通过饮水途径所导致平均个人年风险排列顺序是Cu〉Pb〉Zn,最大值的平均个人年风险在丰水期和枯水期的平均值分别是2.14×10-7 a-1和4.13×10-7 a-1,小于国际防辐射委员会（ICRP）推荐的最大可接受平均个人年风险5.0×10-5a-1。致癌物Cd的平均个人年风险在丰水期和枯水期的平均值分别是3.52×10-4 a-1和4.53×10-4 a-1,大于ICRP推荐的最大可接受值,同时也大于非致癌物3～4个数量级。另外,通过对枯水期沉积物的重金属总量分析,发现凉桥槽对坑支流受水体pH的影响,导致其沉积物重金属的浓度最高。根据Long和Macdonald利用生物效应数据库法建立的沉积物质量基准,发现除冷水泾外,其他采样点的平均效应中值指数（mERMQ）值都大于1.5,可见沉积物中的重金属会对当地底栖生物产生毒害作用。     

污染水体的生物修复技术研究进展

详细介绍了污染水体生物修复技术的特点，综述了近年来国内外水体生物修复技术的研究和应用现状，并评述了水体生物修复技术存在的问题以及污染水体生物修复的发展方向。     

底泥疏浚对五里湖沉积物生物毒性的影响

为评价疏浚对太湖五里湖沉积物毒性的影响,采用淡水沉积物重金属质量基准和发光细菌试验法对疏浚前后太湖五里湖沉积物的生态毒性风险进行了分析.结果显示,疏浚后,尽管沉积物中Cu和Zn的总体含量降低至毒性效应低值(TEL/TEC)以下,Cr、Pb和Ni等重金属的总体含量降低至毒性效应最高值(PEL/PEC)以下,但沉积物提取液对发光菌的毒性却显著增加,且在疏浚后1个月时毒性最大,其EC25和EC50最小,分别仅为0.51%和9.16%.这表明,疏浚尽管可有效减少沉积物中重金属污染物总体含量,但并不能完全消除沉积物的生态毒性风险;相反,还有可能导致其生态毒性的风险性进一步增加.     

湖泊沉积物污染状况的评价方法

1 引言随着人类活动范围的不断扩展,强度的不断增大,特别是近代城市化和工业化过程的迅猛发展,许多湖泊在不同程度上受到了影响,有些湖泊营养化过程加快,有些湖泊受到金属污染.沉积物具有反映水系统状况的意义,湖泊沉积物真实地反映了这些过程.人们在研究湖泊变化历史过程中应用了多种方法对湖泊沉积物污染状况进行评价,现将有关评价方法综述如下.2 评价方法2.1 铝基准方法     

内陆水体水质监测与评价中的遥感应用

本文综述了水质监测与评价中遥感应用研究的发展与现状。主要讨论了水质遥感监测的原理、遥感手段、常用方法和几种具体水质参数的遥感研究方法与进展。最后提出了此领域的发展方向展望     

污染水体的生物修复技术研究进展

详细介绍了污染水体生物修复技术的特点 ,综述了近年来国内外水体生物修复技术的研究和应用现状 ,并评述了水体生物修复技术存在的问题以及污染水体生物修复的发展方向     

微囊藻毒素生物毒性作用机制与调控策略的研究进展

近年来,有关水体富营养化导致微囊藻毒素污染以及对微囊藻毒素生物毒性的调控研究成为全球环境关注的热点。基于对微囊藻毒素结构特性、生成机制、迁移转化规律和污染现状的探讨,归纳总结了微囊藻毒素的典型生物毒性及其毒性作用机制。为有效防控微囊藻毒素环境风险,深入探讨了微囊藻毒素的源消减调控策略、针对微囊藻毒素迁移过程的调控策略及针对微囊藻毒素毒理过程的调控策略。最后,对微囊藻毒素生物毒性作用机制及调控策略的研究进行了展望,为微囊藻毒素污染防治提供理论与技术支持。     

Passaic river sediment interstitial water phase I toxicity identification evaluation

A suite of tests was conducted to evaluate and identify the cause or causes of toxicity in Passaic River sediments. Sediment toxicity was measured with three types of bioassays: a whole sediment bioassay with the marine amphipod, Ampelisca abdita, and interstitial water bioassays with A. abdita and the bioluminescent bacterium Vibrio fisheri (Microtox((R))). In addition, a Phase I Toxicity Identification Evaluation (TIE) was conducted to elucidate the cause of observed toxicity. Analytical concentrations of selected residues in whole sediment and interstitial water from the five sampling stations were considered in conjunction with the conclusions drawn from the toxicity tests and Phase I TIE results. Finally, a toxic units approach was used to evaluate the predicted toxicity of measured interstitial water residue concentrations. There was a lack of toxic response in the short-term interstitial water bioassays, indicating that oxidants, soluble forms of metals, and dissolved phase neutral organics were not likely toxicants. However, there was significant toxicity indicated by the whole sediment A. abidita bioassays. After 10 days, there was complete or near complete mortality in amphipods exposed to all of the sediment samples tested. Removal of interstitial water toxicity by filtration was common to all four stations that exhibited measurable initial toxicity. The observed toxicity characteristics are consistent with particle associated neutral organics. This conclusion is supported by toxicity removal via filtration, lack of toxicity in the Microtox((R)) assays, and the fact that whole sediments were more toxic than was interstitial water.     

Biomarker responsiveness in different tissues of caged Ruditapes philippinarum and its use within an integrated sediment quality assessment

Biomarkers comprising activities of biotransformation enzymes (ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase -EROD-, dibenzylfluorescein dealkylase -DBF-, glutathione S-transferase -GST), antioxidant enzymes (glutathione reductase -GR- and glutathione peroxidase -GPX), lipid peroxidation -LPO- and DNA strand breaks were analyzed in the clam Ruditapes philippinarum caged at Cádiz Bay, Santander Bay and Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (LPGC) Port (Spain). Sediments were characterized. Digestive gland was the most sensitive tissue to sediment contamination. In Cádiz Bay, changes in LPO regarding day 0 were related with metals. In LPGC Port, DBF, EROD, and GST activity responses suggested the presence of undetermined contaminants which might have led to DNA damage. In Santander Bay, PAHs were related with EROD activity, organic and metal contamination was found to be associated with GR and GST activities and DNA damage presented significant (p < 0.05) induction. R. philippinarum was sensitive to sediment contamination at biochemical level. Biomarkers allowed chemical exposure and sediment quality assessment.     

The SeKT joint research project: definition of reference conditions, control sediments and toxicity thresholds for limnic sediment contact tests

- In current biotest approaches, intact organisms or in vitro systems are exposed to sediments using different exposure scenarios. The most important issue in sediment toxicity testing protocols is the question which test phase (solid or liquid) should be used. Whole-sediment exposure protocols represent the most realistic scenario to simulate in situ exposure conditions in the laboratory. However, until now there is no agreement in how to acquire and to evaluate the data of the various available sediment contact assays. The SeKT joint research project was initiated with the aim to compare recently developed sediment contact assays by addressing reference conditions, control sediments and toxicity thresholds for limnic sediment contact tests.     

环境污染物的分子毒理机制研究进展

以分子生物学技术为基础研究污染物的毒理机制．从分子水平揭示了污染物毒作用的本质。综述了国内外分子毒理机制的研究进展。详细阐述了毒理芯片、单细胞凝胶电泳等分子生物学技术应用与毒理学研究中的特点、应用前景以及存在的问题。提出了分子毒理机制今后的研究方向。     

Limitations of reverse polyethylene samplers (RePES) for evaluating toxicity of field contaminated sediments

Passive samplers are used to measure dissolved nonionic organic contaminants (NOCs) in environmental media. More recently, reverse polyethylene samplers (RePES) have been used with spiked sediments to recreate interstitial water exposure concentrations and observed toxicity. In the present study, RePES were used with field contaminated sediments. The RePES was not capable of recreating the pattern of toxicity with the amphipod and mysid observed with intact field sediments. Decreased survival in the RePES exposures as compared to the whole sediment exposures was most likely caused by an overexposure to NOCs due to a lack of surrogate black carbon in the RePES system. As an alternative, aqueous phase studies were performed in which polyethylene was allowed to equilibrate with slurries of intact sediments for 3 weeks. Three weeks was found to be an insufficient amount of time for the polyethylene to equilibrate with the sediment. An additional study demonstrated 3 months was sufficient for lower contaminant concentrations, but might not be an adequate amount of time for more highly contaminated sediments. The aqueous phase transfer approach may be useful if equilibration is sufficiently long, although this length of time may be impractical for use in certain applications, such as toxicity identification evaluations (TIEs).     

A review on the application of microbial toxicity tests for deriving sediment quality guidelines

The results of microbial toxicity tests are needed for the risk assessment of polluted sediments. In comparison with animals the anaerobic microorganisms are more tolerant to natural sediment conditions whereas they are more sensitive for a number of specific pollutants. Microbial toxicity tests from a literature search were classified in seven categories. Category A, B and C use polluted sediments and are applied for sediment monitoring. In category D, a pure chemical is added and the organisms and the test conditions were derived from sediment. Therefore this category can be used for setting sediment quality guidelines which protect sediment functions for the toxic effects of chemicals. In category E, organisms from a polluted site are separated from the sediment and are tested with pure chemicals. Organisms from a more polluted site can be more tolerant to a local pollutant. This is called pollution-induced community tolerance and can be used as evidence for the occurrence of toxic effects in a specific sediment. In category F pure chemicals are tested with a pure culture of microorganisms under sediment conditions. The results of category F tests can be combined with single species tests with animals and plants to obtain sediment quality guidelines sufficient for species protection. This can be compared with the sediment quality guidelines which protect sediment functions. When one of these quality guidelines is exceeded for a compound at a specific location a category E test can be used to determine whether the compound shows toxic effects in that sediment.     

Photolysis of flumequine: identification of the major phototransformation products and toxicity measures

Direct photolysis of flumequine (FLU, 20 mg L⁻¹) in different types of water (demineralised water (DW) and synthetic seawater (SW)), was conducted in a Suntest CPS + solar simulator to evaluate its persistence and toxicity, and to identify the major phototransformation products (PTPs) generated during photolysis in DW. It was observed that FLU is susceptible to transformation when subjected to direct solar radiation. The composition of the water affects the FLU degradation kinetics, which is slower in SW. Photolytic transformation products generated during direct photolysis were identified by liquid chromatography-time of flight-mass spectrometry (LC-TOF-MS). Fourteen PTPs generated in DW were identified. The transformation of FLU begins with the opening of the heterocyclic ring by oxidation of the double bond. Loss of the fluorine atom and the hydroxylation of the aromatic ring also appear as the majority, especially in the early stages. Comparative acute toxicity evaluation by Vibrio fischeri and Daphnia magna bioassays was performed for the first and last irradiated solutions in both matrices studied. These bioassays demonstrated that in the SW matrix, the most persistent PTPs are highly toxic to D. magna but less so to V. fischeri.     

环境暴露致秀丽线虫衰老毒性及相关作用机制研究进展

衰老作为一个重要的评价终点,目前已经广泛应用于秀丽线虫环境暴露评价以及相关毒理学研究.系统总结了各种金属以及有机污染物暴露所致秀丽线虫衰老毒性;分析了胰岛素信号、应激反应与氧化应激、线粒体呼吸链、金属硫蛋白、金属诱导胁迫响应蛋白NUMR-1和NUMR-2等在环境暴露致秀丽线虫衰老毒性形成中的重要调控功能;指出了代谢变化...     

铬的浸出毒性试验方法研究

以铬为分析指标,探讨了钻井废充泥浆在不同的提取剂、没的提取时间、不同的固液比以及不同的提取方式下铬的浸出毒性大小,提出了适合评价钻井废充泥浆中铬的浸出毒性的试验方法。