AGNPS在我国东南亚热带地区的检验

利用地理信息系统(GIS),基于数字高程模型(DEM),提取AGNPS(AAgriculturalNonPointSourceModel)模型所需的水文和地形参数,并通过实地调查及专题制图等手段获取AGNPS模型所需的土地利用、土壤质地及施肥水平等其它参数,最后利用监测降水,实测水文参数、营养盐及沉积物负荷等验证AGNPS模型在我国东南亚热带地区的应用.     

Reductions in non-point source pollution through different management practices for an agricultural watershed in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area

Non-point source water pollution generated by agricultural production is considered a major environmental issue in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area(TGRA) of China.The Annualised Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution(AnnAGNPS) model was selected to assess the impact of the application of various management treats,including seven crops,five fertilizer levels and three-group management practice scenarios,on water quality from Heigou River Watershed in TGRA.The scenario subsets include conservation tillage practice(CTP),conservation reserve program(CRP) and conversion of cropland into forestland program(CCFP).Results indicated that tea can not be replaced by other crops because comparatively tea resulted in a higher sediment yield.CTP with no-tillage was more effective to reduce sediment yield,but could increased nutrient loss.CRP reduced sediment yield significantly,but slightly benefited on nutrient loss.CCFP reduced not only sediment yield but also the nutrient loss significantly.The conversion of cropland with a slope greater than 10 ° into forestland was found to be the best scenario as the sediment yield export is less than 5 tons/ha and nutrient loss is within the permissible limit.     

流域农业面源污染生态工程调控措施

农业面源污染是导致目前流域水环境质量恶化的重要原因。文章从流域水环境状况、农业面源污染现状出发,结合面源污染的特点和研究发展历程,重点探讨了流域农业面源污染生态工程调控的可行性。     

Role of rural solid waste management in non-point source pollution control of Dianchi Lake catchments, China

In recent years, with control of the main municipal and industrial point pollution sources and implementation of cleaning for some inner pollution sources in the water body, the discharge of point source pollution decreased gradually, while non-point source pollution has become increasingly distressing in Dianchi Lake catchments. As one of the major targets in non-point source pollution control, an integrated solid waste controlling strategy combined with a technological solution and management system was proposed and implemented based on the waste disposal situation and characteristics of rural solid waste in the demonstration area. As the key technology in rural solid waste treatment, both centralized plant-scale composting and a dispersed farmer-operated waste treating system showed promise in rendering timely benefits in efficiency, large handling capacity, high quality of the end product, as well as good economic return. Problems encountered during multi-substrates co-composting such as pathogens, high moisture content, asynchronism in the decomposition of different substrates, and low quality of the end product can all be tackled. 92.5% of solid waste was collected in the demonstration area, while the treating and recycling ratio reached 87.9%, which prevented 32.2 t nitrogen and 3.9 t phosphorus per year from entering the water body of Dianchi Lake after implementation of the project.     

Loss coefficient of nitrogenous non-point source pollution under various precipitation conditions

In this study, calibrations of non-point source (NPS) pollution models are performed based on Black River basin historical real-time runoff data, sedimentation record data, and NPS sources survey information. The concept of NPS loss coefficient for the watershed or the loss coefficients (LC) for simplicity is brought up by examining NPS build-up and migration processes along riverbanks in natural river systems. The historical data is used for determining the nitrogenous NPS loss coefficient for five land use types including farmland, urban land, grassland, shrub land, and forest under different precipitation conditions. The comparison of outputs from Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model and coefficient export method showed that both methods could obtain reasonable LC. The high Pearson correlation coefficient (0.94722) between those two sets of calculation results justified the consistency of those two models. Another result in the study is that different combinations of precipitation condition and land use types could significantly affect the calculated loss coefficient. As for the adsorptive nitrogen, the order of impact on LC for different land use types can be sorted as: farm land > urban land > grassland > shrub land > forest while the order was farmland > grass land > shrub land > forest s>urban land for soluble nitrogen. __________ Translated from Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2006, 26(3): 392–397 [译自: 环境科学学报]     

Agricultural non-point nitrogen pollution control function of dierent vegetation types in riparian wetlands: A case study in the Yellow River wetland in China

Riparian wetland is the major transition zone of matter, energy and information transfer between aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems and has important functions of water purification and non-point pollution control. Using the field experiment method and an isotope tracing technique, the agricultural non-point nitrogen pollution control function of dierent vegetation types in riparian wetland was studied in the Kouma Section of the Yellow River. The results showed that the retention of agricultural non-point ...     

Synthesis of lignin-based copolymer LSAA and the application on controlling non-point source pollution (NPS) resulted from surface runoff

In this article, alkali lignin separated from paper pulp waste was grafted into a novel copolymer LSAA (a copolymer of lignin, starch, acrylamide and acrylic acid). Its practical application effect and environmental safety were studied. The results of field simulation experiment indicated that the application of LSAA significantly affected the output of the runoff and pollutants. The runoff quantity was decreased by 16.67%-47.00% and the loads of total suspended solids (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) were reduced by 17.78%-62.14%, 26.32%-59.91%, 26.67%-42.86%, and 22.18%-52.78%, respectively. Tests on its environmental safety showed that LSAA did no harm the soil. Compared with polyacrylamide (PAM), a dominant product in this field, LSAA exhibited similar effects and cheap cost. Thus, this study not only created a new product for controlling runoff water quality but also offered a beneficial application for industrial paper waste.     

农业流域营养盐流失的关键因素及其防治途径

全面分析农业流域氮、磷等污染物质流失的关键过程,识别主要影响因素,研究探讨农业面源污染影响因素的作用方式和治理途径,对于农业面源污染控制具有重要意义。以国内外大量相关研究成果为基础,全面分析了农业面源污染的主要产生机理,以及影响农业面源污染时空分布的主要因素及相互作用关系,详细探讨了土壤性质、植被类型、土地利用格局、径流驱动因素、农业生产模式等关键因素对农业面源污染流失特征的影响作用,并从农田管理、景观结构调整、农业生产格局优化等方面有针对性的提出了适合中国农业流域特点的面源污染防控措施。     

基于GIS的汉江中下游农业面源氮磷负荷研究

根据汉江中下游农业面源污染治理决策的需求,在大量实地观测资料及区域地理与农业环境数据基础上,开发并建立了汉江中下游农业面源动态监测信息系统.以此为技术支持,运用数学模型及其与GIS相结合的技术,研究了汉江中下游农业面源污染的负荷及分布规律.     

深圳农业面源污染与近岸水体富营养化关系研究 III.水产养殖排污分析

对1991年至2000年间深圳内陆和近岸水产养殖业的排污量进行估算,分析其演变趋势,并对同时期深圳市的点源污染和农业面源污染进行了比较,结果表明:(1)深圳市水产养殖业排污也是深圳近海水体富营养化主要成因之一,自1994年之后其对近海水体污染有加重趋势;(2)在农业面源中,畜禽养殖业排污量最大,其次是水产养殖,再次是农田化肥流失排污;(3)在点源污染中,城市生活污水已成为主要污染源,工业废水排污在点源污染中的比重有较大程度的降低;4)点源污染与面源污染相比,在排放COD量的比例上,前者是后者的两倍多,在排放TN量所占比例上,二者相近,在排放TP所占比例上,前者小于后者。     

基于RS和GIS的西部干旱区生态环境调控研究

实现生态环境优化调控与科学管理，是保护生态环境、促进社会经济与环境协调发展、建立人与自然和谐关系的重要举措。尤其是对生态环境十分脆弱的西部干旱地区，各级政府和学术界给予高度的重视。在定量研究生态环境调控的理论方法和具体操作过程中，需要借助遥感(RS)、地理信息系统(GIS)以及它们的结合等技术手段，来实现时空变化信息的实时、动态监测以及信息的提取、分析和处理。本文针对西部干旱区生态环境调控问题。提出一种RS和GIS支持下的生态环境调控量化研究方法，包括基于RS和GIS的西部干旱区生态环境量化指标体系、生态环境调控管理模型、调控方案优选与实施。并介绍一个应用例子。     

基于GIS的苏州河非点源污染的总量控制

通过模拟试验修正非点源污染模型;利用GIS技术建立非点源污染信息数据库,并对研究区域和苏州河进行网格和河网概化;以COD_Cr为控制因子,根据各断面的水环境目标,计算其水环境容量,以确定其削减量.结果表明,为达到苏州河2010年总量控制目标,各种非点源污染均须不同程度地削减,以村镇用地和畜禽养殖的污染负荷削减为主,村镇和鱼塘的单位网格削减量较高.最后提出非点源污染的总量控制对策,寻求目标总量控制和容量总量控制的有机结合.     

中国北方某流域不同污染源污染贡献分析研究

研究了中国北方某流域不同污染源的污染贡献,结果表明：COD贡献量点源为719.21 t,农业面源污染为7 488.02 t,农业面源污染是该流域水环境污染的主要来源.农业面源污染物等标污染负荷总量为8 359.44×106 m3/a.不同污染源污染贡献比例：农田化肥占49.24％、畜禽养殖占35.10％、农村生活占14.69％、农作物秸秆仅占0.97％.污染物贡献量比例.TN占56.46％、TP占39.06％、COD仅占4.48％.     

涪江流域农业非点源污染空间分布及污染源识别

采用输出系数模型,借助地理信息系统技术,对涪江流域的农业非点源污染进行了模拟,分析了流域非点源污染的空间分布特征,并对主要污染源进行了辨识,以期为流域非点源污染控制与管理提供决策支持.研究表明,2010年研究区农业非点源总氮污染负荷为9.11×104t,全区平均负荷强度为3.10 t.km-2;农业非点源总氮负荷总量最主要分布在旱地、绵阳市和缓坡区,农业非点源总氮负荷强度的高负荷区为旱地、德阳市和缓坡区;农业用地的化肥流失是污染的首要污染源,贡献率为62.12%,其中旱地的化肥流失是最主要来源,贡献率为50.49%.可见,改进粗放的农业耕作方式、积极推进\"退耕还林\"、合理处理养殖废水、集中收集农村生活污水等是研究区非点源污染有效的控制措施.     

农业面源对水环境污染及防治对策

农业面源污染已成为我国水环境的主要贡献源之一。就农业面源的产生、分布、特征、形成进行了分析,并通过三峡库区农业面源污染对河流水环境影响为例,论证农业面源对水环境污染的形成机理,指出污染发展趋势,主要污染负荷,已发生和潜在的污染问题,并提出治理面源的对策与建议。     

基于GIS的凤嘴江水污染控制规划数据库研究

地理信息系统（GIS）是20世纪60年代兴起的新技术，将它应用于水污染控制规划（WPCP）是一个新的研究领域，其中数据库是整个系统的基础和信息源，也是系统发展的瓶颈技术之一，有必要进行深入和全面的研究，由于水污染控制规划系统本身的复杂性，决定了其所涉及的数据比一般的管理信息系统得杂得多，本研究以GeoMediaProfessional3.0为基础平台，对系统数据库建库过程中涉及的数据特点，数据结果与数据模型，数据组织与管理，数据库功能分析等问题进行了研究，开发了GIS技术的凤嘴江水污染控制规划数据库，较好地满足了GIS应用的要求，为相关数据库的建设提供了经验。     

基于多因子指数集成的流域面源污染风险研究

为掌握流域面源污染风险的整体趋势,基于风险评价时,单个因子对系统某种风险的贡献率可能大于1且因子对系统风险贡献呈一定结构性的问题,定义了风险标准值的概念和算法,建立了系统风险多因子集成评价方法,并在地理信息系统支持下对泸沽湖流域进行了案例研究.结果表明,泸沽湖流域面源污染流失风险处于较高的水平;系统风险多因子集成评价法在对多个同类系统间进行比较时,具有较大的优势;该方法可以与其他多种方法相结合对系统属性进行全面综合评价.     

宿州市农业源污染减排对策与措施探讨

《"十二五"主要污染物总量控制规划》将农业源纳入总量控制范畴。宿州市农业源污染物排放量约占全市水环境污染物排放总量的50%,因此加强农业源减排势在必行。研究全市农业源减排现状,分析存在的问题与不足,提出改进对策与措施,具有重要的现实意义。     

土地利用/覆盖变化对长江上游非点源污染影响研究

在国内外相关研究的基础上,利用输出系数模型,结合RS和GIS技术,对长江上游的非点源污染负荷进行了空间模拟和负荷估算.模拟结果表明,在不考虑流域损失的前提下,由于土地利用造成的非点源污染负荷TN总量从20世纪70年代的123万t下降至2000年的116万t,基本呈逐年减少的趋势,由土地利用造成的TP的变化趋势与TN基本相同,从70年代的3.7万t下降到2000年的3.5万t左右.就省份、土地利用类型和水系而言,四川省、种植用地和草地以及金沙江水系和嘉陵江水系对长江上游的非点源污染贡献较大.在非点源污染负荷强度上,重庆市和嘉陵江水系单位面积负荷最高,是今后应重点治理的地区.结果表明,该模型可以对长江上游这样的超大尺度空间的非点源污染进行较好的空间模拟.