我国企业组织与可持续发展

本文根据可持续发展思想和企业组织空间结构理论，探讨了我国企业组织实施可持续发展战略的途径，认为我国企业组织应注重企业经济适度高速增长，提出可持续发展战略在“企业组织层面”和“地域企业层面”上进行“纵向”和“横向”实施的途径。     

企业资源协同战略与可持续发展案例研究

目前采取相关多角化经营的企业有许多成功和失败的案例。怎么样才能够有效的使用企业所拥有的战略性资源，协调公司内部各个业务单元的相互关系，提高企业的整体价值，从而实现企业的可持续发展，是我们应该关注的问题核心。在有效的实现企业内部资源的系统，产生良好的协同效益的基础上向新的相关市场拓展也许是有效的解决之道。本文将结合一个汽车服务企业的案例进行探讨如何实现资源的协同，如何通过组织结构的调整支持这种协同，以实现企业的可持续发展。     

论企业环境管理自组织发展的新视角

企业环境保护机制要真正内生于企业,需要依靠企业环境管理自组织的创建.企业环境管理自组织的创建需要内外因素的强力驱动,外部驱动因素除了政府管制外,还有诸如外部市场风险管理,各类投资者、消费者和积极环境主义者,保有和吸引优秀雇员等外在驱动因素;而内部驱动因素则主要包括以可持续发展理念为内涵的企业文化、互动有序的企业组织结构和管理制度,以及技术进步与创新的企业创新机制等.目前,发达国家一些高绩效企业已实施了一系列自组织环境管理的实践,取得了经济与环境效益的双赢.要积极培育企业环境管理自组织的创建及发展,有必要实施一系列策略,以充分发挥内外驱动因素的强大驱动作用.该策略具体包括有:一是要积极创新管制制度及工具,特别是要重视信息工具的利用;二是要积极塑造企业可持续发展的理念,并构建实施可持续发展的策略;三是要进一步健全和完善环境管理制度(EMSs),广泛应用国际环境管理标准体系(ISO14000);四是要加大企业技术创新的研究与开发力度,增强企业技术进步与创新对自组织环境管理创建的驱动作用.     

论企业参与可持续发展

本文通过对企业在实施我国可持续发展战略中的地位、作用的分析,提出了国家和企业在实施可持续发展战略中应采取的对策和建议。国家应营造企业参与可持续发展的氛围,通过法律、政策和经济手段等途径促进企业参与;企业应提高可持续发展的意识,通过质量论证和环境质量管理,树立企业形象,提高国际竞争能力。     

发展循环经济是实现区域可持续发展的战略选择

发展循环经济是实施可持续发展战略的重要举措，本文分析了循环经济的理论进展和实践意义；认为发展循环经济是实现可持续发展的重要途径；指出发展生态工业，推行清洁生产环境管理，培育垃圾产业是循环经济的重点；提出了发展循环经济的主要对策。     

创造可持续发展价值——企业绿色普惠战略的构建

转型经济下,环境污染问题与贫富差距问题已经成为影响我国进一步发展的两个重要问题。企业在解决这两个问题时往往采取绿色战略和普惠(Inclusive)战略分而治之,但效果不显著。基于三重底线理论,建立"囚徒困境"发展博弈模型,发现单一地从环境问题或贫困问题出发来制定企业战略最终都将陷入不稳定状态,不能持续发展,最终可能返回原点。针对这样的问题,创造性地提出绿色普惠战略,综合解决环境与贫困问题,并给出了三种实施路径。同时进一步通过绿色普惠商业生态系统的构建,帮助企业度过战略实施中的危险期,从而达到整体最优,实现经济、环境、社会的可持续发展。最后深入剖析了江苏紫荆花纺织科技股份有限公司绿色普惠战略的实践过程。     

政府激励企业环境技术创新的初步研究

本文分析了环境技术创新对可持续发展战略实施的重要作用，企业创新活动与政府环保目标的关系及政府激励企业环境技术创新中的博弈环节等，提出了政府激励企业环境技术创新的对策建议。     

上海作为大都市实施可持续发展战略的基本思考

１　上海作为大都市实现可持续发展的理论基础可持续发展作为人类发展的价值取向,已成为世界各国的共识。但结合我国政府对可持续发展战略有关内容的强调,从操作性的角度可把可持续发展战略概括为：可持续发展是以能力建设为动力和保障,追求以人为本的自然—经济—社会复合系统相互协调的发展模式。这是因为可持续发展不是经济、社会、生态某个单系统的可持续发展,因此仅仅把可持续发展看成是经济、环境或者是社会问题（这在当前对可持续发展的理论诠释或行动实施中都有表现）,都没有覆盖可持续发展的全部内涵。贯彻可持续发展是要求现…     

我国资源型企业资源效率管理行为分析及政策建议

资源综合利用直接影响我国可持续发展战略的实现。我国资源型企业在资源开发利用过程中存在大量的浪费现象。运用演化博弈理论分析企业群体策略的选择和演化路径,揭示企业资源效率管理行为的内在机理。研究表明治理收益、治理成本、治理风险是企业资源保护行为系统演化的重要参数,企业群体选择策略的相对适应性取决于对方企业是否治理及企业自身治理的收益与成本,演化稳定状态不仅依赖于博弈双方的学习速度和方向,也取决于博弈双方的初始状态。政府应该根据上述机理和资源型企业现实状况,制定相应的政策。     

企业发展评价模式研究

企业能否做到可持续发展,是企业永恒的主题,也是学术界当今高度关注的课题。当今,有关企业可持续发展的评价模式大致可分为定性化分析和定量化分析两类,基本上处于理论探讨阶段,缺乏实用性。文章提出的企业可持续发展评价模式,包括量化分析和定性分析两部分:利用"战略融结合度评价模型"对企业的资源、能力、战略现状进行分析与评价;利用"可持续度评价模型"对企业的发展现状进行分析与评价;利用"卓越企业运营范式"对企业的运营现状进行分析与评价;利用"企业高级管理者文化智力"对管理者团队进行分析与评价。文章作者提出的"四位一体"评价模式,实现了企业可持续发展评价模式的创新。     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

湘鄂赣农业资源与专业化区域化方向

湘鄂赣地理位置优越,农业资源丰富,稻谷、茶叶、麻类、棉花、油料、柑桔和淡水产品、禽蛋、肉类等在我国居有重要的地位,因此,大力发展三省农业生产,对我国人民实现小康生活具有战略意义。今后,要加速专业化区域化进程。我们找出生产潜力所在:改造低产田、低产园、低产水面;开发“三高”技术;开垦荒地、荒山、荒水;适当提高复种指数。通过建设,三省主要农产品将自给有余,还可满足国内外市场的需要。努力方向:高效农业开发——综合农业开发,吨粮田开发,玉米带开发,饲料稻开发,山区开发;合理布局农业生产;深化农业商品基地建设,发展综合利用,搞活商品流通;全面提高农业现代化水平,加强农业社会服务体系。     

Prognosis of the spatiotemporal dynamics of ecosystems by means of universal kriging

The use of quantitative data for constructing prognostic maps of the dynamics of ecosystem degradation and restoration by nonlinear simulation methods is a topical field of landscape ecology. This method of dynamic cartography is based on fiberwise comparison of data on the state of Chernye Zemli (the Kalmyk Republic, Russia) in different years and the detailed analysis of the period on which the prognosis was based. For this purpose, materials of repeated aerial and satellite photography obtained during a long period (1954–1993) were used. Comparison of maps characterizing the dynamics of Chernye Zemli between 1958 and 1993 allows prognostic electronic maps for the next 10–15 years (with a five-year interval) to be drawn and land prognosis for the next 20–30 years (1998–2023) to be obtained. Deceased     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

Long-term increase in climatic dryness in the East-Mediterranean as evidenced for the island of Samos

The Eastern Mediterranean region is among the regions which were predicted to become drier under IPCC climate scenarios. Here, we document a gradual reduction of rainfall and tree growth and the loss of rural springs during the last decades of the twentieth century. Years with severe drought are associated with very low tree growth (dendrochronology) and dry falling of springs as evidenced by interviews with local stakeholders. The paper discusses the consequences of accelerating drought on natural vegetation and agriculture and points at the interaction with fire dynamics and economy, both likely to enhance the drought effect.     

Geographic Variation in the Seasonal Reproductive Strategy of the Mite Varroa jacobsoni in the Honeybee Nest

Variation in the reproduction of Varroa jacobsoni mite was studied in relation to the expansion of the range of its parasitism on the honeybee. Geographic differences in the seasonal dynamics of mite reproduction in the nests of bee families were revealed. Variation in the sex ratio of mites and the factors inhibiting their reproduction at the northern boundary of the honeybee range are considered. The forms of parthenogenetic reproduction in V. jacobsoni are discussed.     

Comparative analysis of the effect of predator odor on morphological and physiological parameters of adult male Campbell hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus campbelli</Emphasis>) and dwarf hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus sungorus</Emphasis>)

The effect of long-term exposure to natural excretions of the European polecat on the morphological parameters and hormonal status of adult male Campbell hamsters (Phodopus campbelli) and dwarf hamsters (Ph. sungorus) was studied. Exposure to volatile components of natural excreta of a potential predator did not have any significant effect on hamsters. The combined influence of volatile and nonvolatile components of the polecat’s excretions caused physiological stress in Ph. campbelli, while in Ph. sungorus, on the contrary, an increase in thymus weight and the plasma testosterone level was recorded.     

How Do Groups Solve Local Commons Dilemmas? Lessons from Experimental Economics in the Field

The use of experimental settings to observe human behaviour in a controlled environment of incentives, rules and institutions, has been widely used by the behavioural sciences for sometime now, particularly by psychology and economics. In most cases the subjects are college students recruited for one to two hour decision making exercises in which, depending on their choices, they earn cash averaging US$ 20. In such exercises players face a set of feasible actions, rules and incentives (payoffs) involving different forms of social exchange with other people, and that in most cases involve some kind of externalities with incomplete contracts, such as in the case of common-pool resources situations. Depending on the ecological and institutional settings, the resource users face a set of feasible levels of extraction, a set of rules regarding the control or monitoring of individual use, and sometimes ways of imposing material or non-material costs or rewards to those breaking or following the rules. We brought the experimental lab to the field and invited about two hundred users of natural resources in three Colombian rural villages to participate in such decision making exercises and through these and other research instruments we learned about the ways they solve - or fail to - tragedies of the commons with different social institutions. Further, bringing the lab to the field allowed us to explore some of the limitations of existing models about human behaviour and its consequences for designing policies for conserving ecosystems and improving social welfare.     

Latitudinal variation in size of freshwater pulmonate mollusks (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) in Western Siberia

The size of shells in some freshwater pulmonate mollusk species abundant in Western Siberia (Lymnaea fragilis, L. terebra, Planorbis planorbis, and Anisus leucostoma) is relatively large in the south and decreases in the north. It is supposed that this phenomenon is explained by the fact that the season with conditions allowing the growth of mollusks is shorter in the north than in the south of Western Siberia.