环境公平、环境效率及其与可持续发展的关系

随着可持续发展战略的提出和实施，20世纪80—90年代产生的环境公平概念自然成为其题中之义，并成为其“中心问题”，即居于可持续发展的中心地位；之后又出现了环境效率概念。本文在介绍国内外有关研究成果的基础上进一步阐述了环境公平、环境效率的概念，并对环境公平居于可持续发展中心地位的原因进行了讨论。     

中国企业实施可持续发展战略的态势分析

本文从绿色食品标志认证、环境标志产品认证、环境管理体系（ＩＳＯ１４０００）认证和推进清洁生产等四个方面分析了中国企业参与实施可持续发展战略的现状,指出了与国外工商企业的差距,并就进一步引导中国企业界的广泛参与提出了相应的对策与建议。     

可持续发展战略和环境伦理学产生过程的共同性研究

本文通过对可持续发展战略和环境伦理学产生过程的比较 ,提出可持续发展战略和环境伦理学在理论上的一致性和实践中的共同性以及二者之间的相互影响。并指出深入研究二者之间相互影响对实践的指导意义     

中国的环境与可持续发展战略

~~中国的环境与可持续发展战略$全国人大资源与环境委员会!副主任委员@王涛     

环境-社会系统管理与可持续发展

提出以环境-社会系统管理推进可持续发展。就是要寓经济发展于生态化中。寓生态建设于经济化中．寓社会发展于生态和经济的协调发展之中．为“经济-社会-环境”系统建立一个健康、安全、和谐的可持续发展模式。     

可持续发展下环境伦理与原则

可持续发展理论与实践促进了环境伦理学的发展。环境伦理也从人类中心主义的环境伦理与非人类中心主义的环境伦理的分野走向人类中心主义的环境伦理、非人类中心主义环境伦理和可持续发展的环境伦理的鼎足。可持续发展的环境伦理是合理吸收人类中心主义环境伦理和非人类中心主义环境伦理并着眼于可持续发展的环境伦理 ,它要求人们在对待环境的行为中必须善待自然、关注未来和规范行为     

可持续发展战略与长江流域经济开发

可持续发展已 成为世界性话题和全球共同任务。流江流域经济开发必须走可持续发展之路,”决不能吃粗宗饭,断子孙路,走浪费资源和先污染,后治理的路子”。长江流域淡水,矿产,生物旅游景观人才智力等资源丰富,但也存在对经济社会发展 不利的制约因素。必须扭转流域经济开发中重开发轻治理,急功近得、“靠山吃山、靠水吃水”开发目标单一等作法,实行统敌兼顾,分工协作;治理开发,综合利用;优势互补,利益均沾;细水长流,     

中国西南喀斯特地区人口、资源、环境与可持续发展

中国西南喀斯特地区人口－资源－环境的矛盾非常突出,贫困与生态恶化的双重压力严重制约区域可持续发展。西部大开发战略为西南喀斯特地区的持续发展和反贫困提供了前所未有的机遇。喀斯特地区可持续发展的首要任务是更新观念,以生态环境重建为切入点,加强基础设施建设,实施科教兴国战略,控制人口数量、提高人口素质;调整产业结构,加大扶贫开发力度,把宏观调控与市场机制相结合,实现跨越式发展。     

邓小平理论与可持续发展战略

可持续发展观是人类反思伴随工业文明而至的生态环境恶化、自然资源锐减以及全球性人口激增、贫困加剧等一系列威胁人类生存和延续的问题而提出的一种新的发展观。可持续发展作为建立在经济、社会、人口、资源、环境相互协调、共同发展基础之上的一种发展战略，包括经济可持续发展、生态可持续发展以及社会可持续发展。尽管邓小平没有直接使用可持续发展的概念，但他关于当代经济社会发展的理论，却包涵着丰富的可持续发展思想。当我们从自然、经济、社会、科技、文化等视角观照可持续发展特别是中国可持续发展战略的制定和实施时，就会看到邓小平对于中国经济社会的快速、持续发展所做出的重大历史贡献，他的一些基本理论观点和政策主张成为我国制定和实施可持续发展战略的重要指导思想和方法论原则。     

City Environment Art and Sustainable Development

The development of everthing follows its own law, which does not change at people’s own sweet will. Therefore, we must study the development of things so as to grasp the essence of things in their deep meanings, explore the direction of their de- velopment, and make them better serve the people. As a part of the thought of sustainable development, city environment art will be of active significance to the perfection of the thought and will also be the concrete embodiment of the synthetic index of economic development. Such a thesis, starting from the macroscopic angle, and relying on the leading thought of sustainable development, takes hold of the development trend of city environment art, and explores the various problems that have arisen in city environment in the process of city management by combining thoughts on city planning, so as to guide urban harmonious development theoretically. The present paper expounds on the views comprehensively and, through the synthetic analysis on city planning, city environment, art esthetics and the thought of sustainable development, makes a detailed analysis of the effects of the present rapid city development on city environment.     

Sustainable Development and the Basic Value of Natural Environment

Contrast with artificial environment, the multi-level self-organizational system of nature has great gain. Sustainable material environment should respect nature： non-rubbish and super-cycle quality of natural ecosystem offers the material source of human development, fractal structure of nature offers new field of space and information source to this high-density and information-based society, dissipative structure of nature links the new system of energy with whole ecosystem organically, and life-chain regulation is the base of sustainable life environment. Nature guarantees the physical healthy environ- ment by its all-dimension healthy factor, constructs the mental healthy environment by its quality of co-ordinate and chaos, so that guarantees the whole emergence of sustainable development on the ＇super-science＇ level In the view of sustainable development, construction, green economy and human health are basic fields. With the concept of ecosystem regulation, we can relate these fields organically and fulfill the task of human health, welfare and sustainable development. Ecosystem regulation is the base of sustainable development＇s new paradigm.     

Sustainable Development and Health:Recent International Developments,Policies and Projects

Environment and health have been more and more jointly addressed in recent years,thanks to the efforts of several public and private institutions.In this scenario,a leading role has been played by the World Heath Organisation(WHO).A specific attention was devoted to the issue by the European Union(EU)EU institutions and the WHO Office for Europe,which lists 52 countries(including Europe,Eastern European Countries and Turkey, former Yugoslavia and part of the former Soviet Union).The objectives of the present paper are to give an overview of the main developments in this area,and to underline the progress made towards a common understanding of health and environment issues,the advantages and limits of these developments and the challenges for the future,to be tackled at a global level.     

全球可持续发展面临的挑战与对策

全球可持续发展涉及可持续经济、可持续环境和可持续社会三方面的协调统一,要求人类在发展中讲究经济效率、关注环境和谐与追求社会公平,最终达到人的全面发展。自1992年联合国环境与发展大会以来,国际社会积极推动实施《关于环境与发展的里约宣言》、《21世纪议程》和《可持续发展首脑会议执行计划》,各种形式的国际和区域环发合作深入开展,各个国家为促进可持续发展付出了巨大努力,在消除贫困和实现千年发展目标方面取得一些成绩。但是,全球在经济、环境和社会发展方面正在面临着越来越复杂的形势,全球可持续发展事业依然面临严峻的挑战。本文从经济、环境与社会三个方面,系统分析了全球可持续发展面临的挑战。分析表明:全球经济发展依然不平衡,不稳定性在加大,而且世界贫富差距明显,发达国家对发展中国家的官方援助不足;全球能源结构没有根本性改变,CO2排放不断增加,气候变化问题突出,而且一些国家生态环境问题较为严重;世界总人口数不断增加,各国就业水平难以提高,各国教育水平非常不均衡,而且欠发达国家人均医疗卫生支出水平低,居民健康状况堪忧。针对全球可持续发展面临的挑战,本文提出了相应的对策:①坚持"共同但有区别的责任"原则。可持续发展没有统一的模式,各国的发展阶段、条件和能力的不同必须予以正视;要区别发达国家和发展中国家的不同国情,要充分尊重发展中国家的发展权利;要为发展中国家向可持续发展转型提供技术、资金和能力建设方面的强有力支持。②加强各国政府在环境领域的交流与合作。不仅要重视全球性环境问题,而且更要优先考虑区域性环境问题,特别是发展中国家和最不发达国家面临的生态环境问题。③积极推动全球社会朝向均衡、普惠和共赢的方向发展。世界上所有国家都应有权以平等的身份参与全球治理过程以及不断改进和优化治理机制,而且全球治理结构应该向发展中国家倾斜;要积极消除贫困、减少不平等现象、使增长具有包容性、使生产和消费更可持续;要增强人们做出可持续选择的权利,特别是妇女、年轻人、失业者以及社会最弱势和最脆弱群体的权利等。     

对社会主义可持续发展经济体制的理论思考

我国经济体制从传统计划经济体制向社会主义市场经济体制的根本转变已经初步实现,但我国经济增长方式从粗放型向集约型的根本转变却基本上没有实现,两个具有全局意义的根本性转变呈现逆向运动.其体制原因就在于我们现在初步建立起来的现代市场经济体制没有改变传统经济体制的反生态性和不可持续性的根本缺陷,必须向社会主义可持续发展经济体制转变.社会主义可持续发展经济体制的建立在当前具有一定的理论与实践基础:从理论上看,生态经济协调可持续发展理论是社会主义可持续发展经济体制的理论基石;从实践上看,构建社会主义可持续发展经济体制,不仅是我国国情和发展现实的客观要求,而且具有坚实的实践基础.实现由非持续发展经济体制向可持续发展经济体制的转变,是非常宏伟的系统工程.     

Countermeasures for Implementing Sustainable Development Strategy in Shandong,China

This paper set forth the goals of implementing sustainable development strategy in Shandong Province guided by the view of scientific development of being people oriented, comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable. Based on the target of sustainable development strategy in Shandong province this paper discusses the main tasks in the sustainable development strategy Countermeasures for sustainable development strategy in Shandong province are put forward.     

Countermeasures for Implementing Sustainable Development Strategy in Shandong,China

Abstract

This paper set forth the goals of implementing sustainable development strategy in Shandong Province guided by the view of scientific development of being people oriented, comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable. Based on the target of sustainable development strategy in Shandong province this paper discusses the main tasks in the sustainable development strategy Countermeasures for sustainable development strategy in Shandong province are put forward.     

Production, Consumption and the World Summit on Sustainable Development

At the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD), world leaders agreed that eliminating unsustainable production and consumption is one of the three overriding objectives of sustainable development. Achieving that objective should have been a major priority for the WSSD Plan of Implementation. Increases in consumption and production over the past decade were largely responsible for the worsening environmental and social trends. Unfortunately, the negotiators of the Plan paid insufficient attention to the lessons from 10 years of discussions about the concepts, the available policies and tools and their effectiveness, the impacts of those policies on developing countries, and the political commitment of countries in an era of globalization. Despite a promising proposal for a new ten-year work programme aimed at bridging the gap implementing the Agenda 21 commitments from Rio, Summit negotiators produced barely more than a muted echo of recommendations from the past which have yet to be taken seriously enough by the world's leaders in a comprehensive intergovernmental strategy. In the ten-year review of progress to achieve sustainable production and consumption (SPAC), governments quickly skipped past the critical work of examining why things are getting worse, avoiding the task of identifying the obstacles (which in some cases were themselves) and in turn avoiding the commitment to time-bound measurable targets. If nothing else, the WSSD demonstrated that a global strategy to achieve SPAC will come not from a UN consensus of world leaders but from a strategic alliance of responsible governments, civil society and others with a vision beyond the next election cycle.     

森林资源-环境-经济复合大系统可持续发展优化模型及其应用

运用系统工程方法和大系统理论，分析区域性森林资源-环境-经济复合大系统（FREES）的结构与原理。在可持续发展的总体要求下，将森林资源、森林环境和林业经济三个子系统作为一个有机整体，构建基于ε-约束法的多目标优化模型，以及包含各子系统的目标函数模型、约束条件模型和关联模型在内的FREES大系统分解-协调优化模型。然后，将该模型用于江苏省FREES可持续发展优化问题，得出了具有实际指导意义的最优方案。     

Sustainable Development and Strategic Thinking

From an economic point of view, the industrial economy is efficient to overcome situations of a scarcity of goods. From a technological point of view, the resource efficiency of the manufacturing processes of the industrial economy has been permanently improved during the last 200 years. In addition, cleaner processes have been developed. However, from an ecologic point of view, an increasing world population with increasing consumption has produced a ＂global footprint＂ which approaches the carrying capacity of the planet. A circular economy and its high-value spin-offs-a lake economy and a performance or functional service economy-can fulfil customers＇ needs with considerably less resource consumption, less environmental impairment in production and considerably less end-of-life product waste, especially in situations of affluence, when a considerable stock of physical goods and infrastructures exists. Also, in situations of a scarcity of natural resources, both energy and materials, often characterised by rapidly rising resource prices, the economic actors of a circular economy have a high competitive advantage over the actors of the industrial economy, due to much lower procurement costs for materials and energy. From a social point of view, a circular economy increases the number of skilled jobs in regional enterprises. However, the shift from a linear manufacturing economy to a circular or service economy means a change in economic thinking from flow （throughput） management to stock （asset） management： in a manufacturing economy with largely unsaturated markets, total wealth increases through accumulation as resource throughput （flow） is transformed into a higher stock of goods of better quality （but in a manufacturing economy with largely saturated markets, wealth represented by the stock of goods will no longer increase）; in a circular or service economy, total wealth increases through a smart management of existing physical assets （stock） that are adapted to changes in both technology and customer demand. This second approach not only applies to physical capital but equally to social capital, such as health and education and green GDP. To measure the social wealth of a population, it is not the amount of money spent on schools and hospitals that matters, butif this expenditure has led to a better education of the students, and a better health of the people.