废物处理与综合利用 一般性问题

X701200601497膜吸收法脱除电厂模拟烟气中的CO2/杨明芬…(浙江大学能源洁净利用与环境工程国家重点实验室)∥环境科学/中科院生态环境研究中心.-2005,26(4).-24～29环图X-5以氨基乙酸钾、一乙醇胺和甲基二乙醇胺水溶液为吸收液,研究了聚丙烯膜接触器分离模拟烟气中CO2的技术。分析了气液流速、吸收剂浓度、烟气CO2浓度和吸收液CO2负荷等对传质速率和脱除率的影响。结果表明:1mol·L-1MEA在流速0.1m·s-1,烟气流速0.211m·s-1时,CO2传质速率高达7.1mol·(m2·s)-1;1mol·L-1氨基乙酸钾在流速0.05m·s-1,烟气流速0.211m·s-1时,脱除率…     

世界卫生组织推荐的大气环境质量标准

世界卫生组织(WHO)推荐的大气环境质量标准如下:年均S02浓度值40～60μg/m3,日均TSP浓度值150-230 μg/m3,年均TSP浓度值60～90 μg/m3,日均PM10浓度值70μg/m3,日均CO浓度值10 000μg/m3,日均NOx浓度值150μg/m3,8h平均O3浓度值100～120 μg/m3,年     

厦门秋季近郊近地面CO2浓度变化特征研究

利用CO2监测仪在厦门近郊中国科学院城市环境研究所超级监测站进行了秋季CO2数据采集,并结合监测站气象要素和气体污染物监测,分析了近地面CO2浓度变化特征、风速风向对其变化特征的影响以及CO2与部分气体污染物的相互关系.结果表明,厦门近郊秋季近地面CO2浓度主要集中分布在375～415μmol.mol-1范围内,约占70.87%;近地面大气CO2日变化曲线呈单峰型结构,CO2浓度日变化范围375.74～418.18μmol.mol-1,日平均最高值出现在黎明前后(408.54μmol.mol-1),最小值出现在午后附近(379.14μmol.mol-1),夜晚(18:00～05:00,北京时间)平均浓度(400.87±4.05)μmol.mol-1高于白天(06:00～17:00)平均浓度(388.86±9.40)μmol.mol-1;风速日变化曲线与CO2呈现完全相反的变化趋势,夜晚时段(22:00～04:00)风速波动范围在1.0～1.5 m.s-1时,对应的CO2浓度变化平稳,基本稳定在(400.72±2.12)μmol.mol-1.白天时段(09:00～18:00)风速变化范围在2.0～2.5 m.s-1时,对应的CO2浓度变化范围较大为379.14～394.83μmol.mol-1;用指数函数模型估测到该站点区域CO2背景浓度为386.84μmol.mol-1;观测期间该站点主要风向为东北偏东,统计该方向上CO2浓度与风速的相关关系,得出CO2浓度与风速呈极显著负相关(r=-0.67),相关系数高于所有方向统计的CO2浓度与风速的相关系数(r=-0.41,P<0.01),不同风向上CO2浓度贡献来源不同;此外,CO2浓度与温度、辐射量呈负相关(r=-0.541/-0.515,P<0.01),与湿度呈正相关(r=0.66,P<0.01);与其它大气气体污染物相比CO2与CO、NO的相关程度较高(r=0.469/0.436,P<0.01),与SO2相关程度较弱(r=0.126,P<0.01),经分析推测监测站点区域CO2排放源部分来自机动车排放,而燃煤排放贡献较小.     

低气压环境综合加速试验技术在聚氨酯涂层快速评价中的应用

目的 研究低气压环境综合加速试验技术在聚氨酯涂层的低气压环境适应性评价中的加速性.方法 开展聚氨酯涂层低气压环境综合加速试验和低气压自然环境试验,分析聚氨酯涂层在两种试验环境中的老化机理、色差和光泽度变化规律,采用加速转换因子(ASF)法处理试验数据,分析低气压环境综合加速试验技术的加速性.结果 与低气压自然环境试验12个月相比,在低气压环境综合加速试验60 d内,聚氨酯涂层的老化机理、色差和光泽度变化规律基本不变.低气压环境综合加速试验的加速倍率随试验时间延长而逐渐降低,最高为24倍,最低为10倍.结论 低气压环境综合加速试验技术综合模拟了低气压自然环境的太阳辐射、气压、温度和湿度等条件,具有很好的模拟性和加速性,适用于快速评价聚氨酯涂层在低气压环境下的适应性.     

稻田生态系统气体调节功能及其价值

论文以2002年在上海五四农场稻田生态系统田间实验为基础,运用造林成本法、碳税法和工业制氧法对稻田生态系统气体调节功能及其价值进行研究。研究表明:①稻田生态系统O2释放物理量变化范围为16518～38517kg·hm-2,其价值量也有相同的变化趋势,变化范围是6217～11873元·hm-2;②稻田生态系统对温室气体(CO2、N2O和CH4)调节基本上起着抑制作用,而不是促进作用,在水稻生育期内,稻田温室气体调节物理量的变化范围为-997～2787kgCO2-C·hm-2,价值量变化范围为-751～2098元·hm-2;③稻田生态系统气体调节功能的综合价值变化范围为5467～12842元·hm-2。可见,除了粮食生产和提供秸秆外,农田生态系统还为人类社会提供包括气体调节、养分转化、供观赏的景观等在内的服务功能,共同为人类福利服务。     

兰州市区臭氧时空分布特征及气象和环境因子对臭氧的影响

s利用2014~2016年兰州市4个监测点O_3、NO_2和CO浓度实时监测数据和日平均气温、相对湿度、气压和风速气象观测数据,统计分析了近3年O_3的时空分布特征以及环境因子(NO_2和CO)和气象因子对兰州市区O_3浓度的影响。结果表明:兰州市区O_3浓度年变化特征呈倒U型结构,夏季最高,峰值出现在5月,为(65.6±16.9)μg/m~3。4个监测点中生物制品所的年平均浓度最高。O_3的日变化为单峰分布,午后浓度较高,兰炼宾馆监测点峰值出现时间比其他区域超前约2 h。NO_2和CO与O_3的年变化相反,均表现出U型结构的年变化特征,都在12月达到峰值,分别为(2.53±0.80)mg/m~3,(78.9±28.2)μg/m~3。而NO_2和CO浓度白天浓度高于夜间。O_3浓度都随着NO_2和CO浓度的增加呈现指数形式下降。兰州市高温低湿气象条件有利于O_3的前体物(NO_2和CO)转化形成O_3。兰州市区发生高浓度O_3的气象和环境条件主要为日均气温高于20℃,相对湿度位于40%~50%以及风速≤5 m/s;NO_2浓度低于20μg/m~3,CO浓度低于0.5 mg/m~3。     

腾格里沙漠民勤沙丘CO_2浓度与昼夜变化规律研究

为查明沙漠区CO2浓度和对大气CO2的影响以及在全球碳循环中的作用,利用红外CO2监测仪于2009年9月对腾格里沙漠民勤实验点不同类型不同深度的沙层CO2含量变化进行了昼夜连续观测.根据12个钻孔CO2浓度的昼夜观测结果可知,民勤沙漠区不同观测点CO2浓度差异较大,各观测点昼夜CO2浓度变化在310×10-6～2 630×10-6之间;夜间沙层CO2浓度低,白天CO2浓度高;CO2浓度在深度上也有明显的差异,不同深度CO2浓度由大到小的顺序是:4 m(3m)2 m1m;与温带半湿润的西安地区相比,位于极端干旱区的民勤沙漠区CO2浓度显著低;CO2浓度昼夜变化明显,从当日09:00左右到次日09:00左右均呈现由低到高再到低的变化规律;在沙层水分一定的条件下,昼夜温度变化是造成沙层CO2浓度昼夜变化的主要原因,两者呈显著正相关关系;含水量较高沙层CO2浓度明显高于含水量较低沙层,沙层含水量高低是决定沙层CO2浓度的主要因素;4 m深度以上沙层CO2浓度均高于地表空气CO2浓度,表明极端干旱的沙漠区可能是CO2的来源区,也指示环境恶劣的裸露流动沙丘微生物活动产生的沙层CO2浓度仍然超过了大气CO2浓度.     

长江口崇明东滩潮间带温室气体排放初步研究

采用原位静态箱法对长江口崇明东滩(CM)湿地3种主要温室气体CO2,CH4和N2O的排放、吸收通量进行现场测定。结果表明,春季(5月)崇明东滩湿地是大气CH4的排放源。中潮滩暗箱(CM-2b)CH4的排放通量为394.22μg/m2.h,明箱(CM-2w)为492.58μg/m2.h;低潮滩暗箱(CM-3b)CH4的排放通量为84.89μg/m2.h,明箱(CM-3w)为76.16μg/m2.h,植被和有机质含量的不同是造成中、低潮滩CH4通量差异的主要因素。中潮滩春季草的光和作用可以降低CO2和N2O的排放,明箱内表现为对CO2(-67.45 mg/m2.h)和N2O(-21.79μg/m2.h)的吸收,同时呼吸作用增加了潮滩-大气界面CO2和N2O的排放(CO2,730.27 mg/m2.h;N2O,109.72μg/m2.h)。而低潮滩(CM-3)表现为CO2和N2O的汇,但吸收的通量值较小。     

香溪河秋季水-气界面温室气体通量日变化观测及影响因素分析

采用通量箱-气相色谱法对三峡水库香溪河库湾秋季水-气界面温室气体(CO2、CH4、N2O)交换通量进行了连续24 h昼夜观测.结果表明,水-气界面CO2、CH4、N2O的释放通量具有明显的日变化特征:水体除去下午17:00及凌晨05:00吸收CH4外,其余时刻均向外界大气排放CH4,且在凌晨01:00达到排放高峰.CO2和N2O通量的变化规律一致,两者全天均表现为向大气释放;且CO2和N2O通量的昼夜差异较大.CO2白天释放通量范围在20.1～97.5 mg.(m2.h)-1之间,夜间释放通量范围在32.7～42.5 mg.(m2.h)-1之间.N2O白天释放通量范围在18.4～133.7μg.(m2.h)-1之间,夜间释放通量范围在42.1～102.6μg.(m2.h)-1之间.通过相关性分析,秋季香溪河水-气界面CO2交换通量与风速呈显著正相关,与pH值显著负相关,与Chl-a有一定相关性;CH4交换通量与气压有一定的相关性;N2O交换通量与pH值显著正相关.     

ABS塑料低压低温气候环境适应性快速评价方法

目的 研究采用新型低气压环境综合加速试验技术开展ABS塑料低气压低温环境适应性试验的模拟性和加速性.方法 对比开展新型低气压环境综合加速试验与低气压低温自然环境试验,分析ABS塑料在两种环境试验中的老化机理、拉伸强度和简支梁缺口冲击强度变化规律的相似性,进一步采用加速转换因子(ASF)法处理试验数据,分析新型低气压环境...     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.