中国农业面源污染控制对策研究

农村地区在农业生产和居民生活过程中产生的、未经合理处置的污染物对水体、土壤和空气及农产品造成的污染,具有位置、途径、数量不确定,随机性大,发布范围广,防治难度大等特点.农业面源污染已成为我国农村生态环境恶化的重要原因之一.本文以水体为主,说明了农业面源污染的污染现状和原因,并提出了我国防治农业面源污染的政策法规和技术的对策建议.     

四川省农村面源污染状况与治理对策研究

四川省农村面源主要分为农田面源、畜禽养殖粪便污染面源和农村生活污染面源,研究根据排放因子法计算了两种主要考核污染物化学需氧量和氨氮的排放量.根据四川省农村面源污染状况特征提出了面源治理对策措施,其中农田面源治理措施包括:推广测土配方施肥、农田面源生态拦截技术等;畜禽养殖污染治理措施包括:加强小型畜禽养殖污染治理,推广农牧结合、干清粪、发酵床处理工艺等;农村生活污染治理措施包括:推进农村生活污水收集及小型污水处理设施等.     

中国北方某流域不同污染源污染贡献分析研究

研究了中国北方某流域不同污染源的污染贡献,结果表明：COD贡献量点源为719.21 t,农业面源污染为7 488.02 t,农业面源污染是该流域水环境污染的主要来源.农业面源污染物等标污染负荷总量为8 359.44×106 m3/a.不同污染源污染贡献比例：农田化肥占49.24％、畜禽养殖占35.10％、农村生活占14.69％、农作物秸秆仅占0.97％.污染物贡献量比例.TN占56.46％、TP占39.06％、COD仅占4.48％.     

依安县农业面源污染现状调查

文章针对依安县农村面源污染现状,进行了农业生态环境污染情况调查.指出了主要污染源为畜禽养殖业污染、化肥、农药污染及生活垃圾污染.并根据农业生态污染指出了相应对策     

三台县农业面源污染的生态补偿机制与措施研究

三台县是一个农业大县,随着农业经济的迅速发展,农业面源污染日趋严重。种植业污染、畜禽养殖、农村生活污染成为三台县农业面源污染的主要因素。面源污染具有分散性、随机性和监测成本高的特点。对三台县农业面源污染产生进行了经济学分析,农业面源污染属于外部不经济性,通过建立生态补偿机制,控制农业面源污染。以三台县建立生态县和新农村建设为基础,通过转变农业生产方式,调整产业结构,发展生态农业,推进生态村的建设等生态补偿治理措施,改善三台县的农业生态环境。     

太湖流域农业面源污染防控措施研究分析

近年来,太湖流域农业面源污染占流域污染负荷的比例逐步提高,已经成为太湖流域水污染物的主要来源.阐述了流域农业面源污染的概况,从种植业、畜禽养殖业、农村生活和水产养殖4个方面分析流域农业面源污染的构成.其中,种植业污染主要是由化肥、农药和农膜的过度使用引起.接着从政策、经济和技术3个层面详细探讨了农业面源污染产生的内在机理,并在此基础上提出相应的防控措施建议.     

洱海流域农业面源污染空间分布特征及分类控制策略

作为典型的高原坝区农业型流域,洱海流域农业面源污染严重,威胁洱海水质.以洱海流域为研究对象,综合数理分析及GIS技术,开展流域农业面源污染负荷分析及评价,使用排污系数法估算了2018年洱海流域农村生活、畜禽养殖业和种植业污染中COD（化学耗氧量）、TN（总氮）、TP（总磷）的排放负荷,并通过等标污染负荷法在GIS空间分析反映流域内污染排放分布情况.结果表明:①2018年洱海流域农业面源主要污染物COD、TN、TP的排放量分别为11 188.20、2 752.56和259.33 t.COD排放量主要来自畜禽养殖,TN与TP的排放量均主要来自种植业.②洱海流域农业面源主要污染物COD、TN、TP等标污染负荷分别为559.41、2 752.56和1 296.63 m3/a.种植业等标污染负荷在总等标污染负荷中的占比最高,为36.40%,其次是畜禽养殖业,为34.44%.③各乡镇的等标污染负荷差异较大,等标污染负荷范围为（286.16±150.67）m3/a,等标污染负荷强度范围（0.13±0.067）m3/a.④聚类分析结果表明,洱海流域农业面源污染可分为种植业主导型、种植业高污染型、生活污染主导型和畜禽养殖业主导高污染型等4种类型.研究显示:来源于种植业的面源污染是洱海流域水环境保护需要控制的首要污染源,TN是需要控制的首要污染物;排放量与等标污染负荷的空间分布特征均呈流域北部乡镇污染物排放量较高,但流域西部各乡镇排放强度较大的特征;流域内各乡镇防治面源污染需要针对其污染来源特点分别采取推进种养平衡、推广绿色种植、分区控制农田径流以及推进农村生活污水治理等分类控制策略.      

农村水环境面源污染的思考与几点对策

农村面源污染主要是指农业生产活动过程中,农村的生活、生产垃圾、污水、化肥农药等污染物,伴随着径流、泥砂的搬运而造成的面源污染导致水资源和土地资源的破坏,针对农村面源污染的严峻形势,加大面源污染防治宣传力度,提高农民的环保意识,加大对广大农民的科普教育和政策引导,提高农民参与面源污染防治工作的主动性、积极性和自觉性。以科学发展观为指导,树立可持续发展的观念,高度重视并切实解决农村面源污染问题。     

中国水污染防治应把农业面源污染防治提上日程

正党的十九大报告指出要坚决打好污染防治攻坚战,农业面源是污染防治的重点领域。长期以来,中国的污染防治呈现"重城市、轻农村,重工业、轻农业,重点源、轻面源"的特征。随着中国对工业点源污染的大力治理,面源污染对水体污染所占比重呈上升趋势,而农业面源污染是中国水体面源污染的最主要组     

农业面源污染及防治对策

农村面源污染源分布广泛,没有确切位置,其治理一直是个难题.由于化肥和农药的大量使用,农业面源污染已成为我国农村生态环境恶化的重要原因之一.本文对农业面源污染的特点、危害和现状进行了论述,并提出防治农业面源污染的具体防治对策和建议.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.