氧化改性活性炭催化脱除NO的性能

将活性炭（AC）应用于烟气脱硝中,其自身损耗和脱硝效率是关注焦点。采用不同氧化剂（KMnO4、HNO3、（NH4）2S2O8和H2O2）对AC进行氧化改性,对所得催化剂进行了TG、FTIR、H2-TPR和XPS表征,并对其脱NO活性进行了评价。对AC进行浸渍回流处理,可使AC表面含氧官能团增加,尤其是羧基和羰基等酸性含氧官能团。TG分析结果表明：在没有O2存在时,催化剂表面的O会与NO发生反应,导致催化剂自身损耗;在O2存在时,NO主要与O2中的O反应,因而在一定温度范围内不会发生催化剂自身损耗;同时AC表面的含氧官能团能加速NO的化学吸附活化,从而提高催化剂的脱NO活性。KMnO4改性的AC在180 ℃具有高催化活性,这归因于催化剂表面丰富的含氧官能团以及高价态Mn的存在。     

Pore structure and adsorption properties of activated carbon prepared from granular molded waste paper

We have previously manufactured activated carbon using waste paper board, which was prepared by adding 8% phenol resin adhesive to torn waste newspaper and hot-pressing. In this study, the pretreatment process of the raw material was simplified; the waste paper was extruded to form granules. The activated carbon was manufactured by the carbon dioxide activation method using the granules as the raw material. The properties of the activated carbon were evaluated based on the pore structure, the iodine adsorption number, and the adsorption of toluene vapor in a sealed chamber. The activated carbon, which was manufactured at an activation temperature of 1100°C and a treatment time of 60min, exhibited a specific surface area of 1241m²/g and an iodine adsorption number of 1120mg/g. These results were similar to those obtained for two commercially available activated carbons. The extent of toluene vapor adsorption by this activated carbon was similar to that observed for the two commercial activated carbons over a period of 130min.     

Porous structure of activated carbon prepared from waste newspaper

In an earlier report, we presented a method for preparing activated carbon from waste newspaper as a way to recycle used paper for a purpose other than producing raw material for paper-making. In this article, we consider the porous structure of the activated carbon that affects its adsorption properties for various substances. The specific surface area of activated carbon prepared from waste newspaper was 838 m²/g, the micropore volume was 0.368 ml/g, and the mesopore volume was 0.138 ml/g, which is about the same as commercially available activated carbon. The activated carbon prepared from waste newspaper usually has a high content of ash, which makes little contribution to the adsorption properties. In particular, as compared with reagent-activated carbon, the quantities of mesopores with a pore radius of 3–25 nm and macropores with a pore radius of 25–250 nm were 8 and 14 times larger, respectively. Activated carbon prepared from waste newspaper has a well-developed porous structure, particularly in the mesopore and macropore ranges. Received: July 12, 1999 / Accepted: March 8, 2000     

MnOx/ACF负载型催化剂常温催化氧化二氯甲烷

采用浸渍法在活性碳纤维（ACF）上负载MnO_x制备了MnO_x/ACF催化剂,考察了将其用于常温催化氧化二氯甲烷的活性和稳定性。实验结果表明,MnO_x负载量（质量分数）为9%的9%MnO_x/ACF催化剂活性最高,在反应温度为25 ℃、二氯甲烷质量浓度为600 mg/m³时,反应90 min后9%MnO_x/ACF催化剂对二氯甲烷的去除率达71%。9%MnO_x/ACF催化剂重复使用5次后对二氯甲烷的去除率仍可达57%,具有较好的重复使用性能。催化剂表面的主要元素为C、O和Mn,且Mn主要以Mn⁴⁺形式存在。使用后的催化剂中存在二氯甲烷降解的中间产物甲酸盐和甲氧基物种,说明二氯甲烷已被成功降解。     

红外光谱法检测PP/PE复合体系中PE含量

介绍了热混注塑法制备PP/PE复合体系,并将其用于红外光谱定性和定量分析。分析了聚乙烯PE在聚丙烯PP中的FTIR图谱,确定719 cm-1为PE在PP中的特征吸收峰。分析了PE含量对所测谱图和工作曲线的影响。由标准曲线可知,PE的含量与吸收强度具有良好的线性关系,其线性相关系数为0.999 2,回收率最低为96.50%,并将其用于再生料PP的检测,其准确性高,对分析PP/PE复合体系再生料具有深远意义。     

吸附-催化氧化法深度去除采油废水中COD的研究

采用载铜活性炭和废水中溶解氧体系,用催化氧化法深度去除采油废水中的COD.活性炭用质量分数为7.5%的Cu(NO3)2溶液浸渍,在260℃下还原固化,制得催化剂.采用固定床式水处理柱,对混凝沉降处理后COD难以达标的采油废水进行了深度处理研究.pH为7.5±0.5、经曝气处理后的采油废水,在25～35℃条件下与催化体系接触2h,可将45倍于催化剂体积的采油废水中的COD由400mg/L以上降至100mg/L以下.催化剂可以再生.     

酒石酸改性活性炭对烟气脱硝钴氨吸收液中Co~(3+)的催化还原

废气中的NO和SO2可通过钴氨吸收液去除,但钴氨吸收液中的Co~(2+)易被氧化成Co~(3+)而失去脱硝能力。为了实现Co~(2+)的再生,采用酒石酸溶液对活性炭进行改性,提高其对Co~(3+)的催化还原能力,考察了活性炭催化剂改性及活化条件对钴氨吸收液Co~(3+)还原率及NO去除率的影响。实验结果表明:在酒石酸溶液浓度为1.5 mol/L、改性时间为18 h、活化温度为400℃、活化时间为4 h的条件下,改性活性炭的催化性能最佳;Co~(3+)还原率为67.5%,比原炭提高了11.9百分点;对应的钴氨吸收液的NO去除率为86.0%,比原炭提高了26.0百分点。pHpzc测定、Boehm滴定和BET表征结果表明,与原炭相比,改性活性炭酸性增强,羧基和内酯基含量增加,微孔数目增加,比表面积增大。这些表面特性的改变使改性活性炭的催化性能得到改善。     

活性炭吸附黏胶纤维生产废气中的CS2

分别采用静态吸附和柱穿透吸附研究了活性炭对黏胶纤维生产废气中CS₂的吸附性能,考察了温度、水蒸气含量和预吸附H₂S时间对活性炭吸附CS₂效果的影响。实验结果表明：活性炭静态吸附CS₂的吸附等温线可用D-R方程很好地拟合,吸附温度升高,活性炭对CS₂的吸附量降低;Y-N方程能很好地拟合CS₂在活性炭上的柱吸附穿透过程,吸附温度升高,CS₂在活性炭上的吸附穿透时间缩短;进气水蒸气含量增大,吸附穿透时间缩短;预吸附H₂S时间延长,活性炭对CS₂的吸附穿透时间缩短;脱附温度升高,CS₂脱附率和脱附速率均加快。     

粉末活性炭的Fenton氧化再生

采用Fenton氧化法对吸附处理染料废水后的饱和粉末活性炭(饱和炭)进行再生,考察了饱和炭的再生效果及其主要影响因素。实验结果表明:饱和炭的最佳再生条件为H2O2投加量6.5 mmol/g、再生p H 3.0、H2O2与Fe2+的摩尔比10、再生时间1 h;最佳条件下的再生率(再生粉末活性炭(再生炭)与新粉末活性炭对废水COD去除率的百分比)约为60%;使用最佳再生条件下得到的再生炭对废水进行吸附处理,废水的COD去除率和脱色率分别约为27%和67%。     

微波法稻壳制备活性炭研究

稻壳是稻米加工后产生的大宗农业废弃物,高效、高附加值利用稻壳,对促进循环经济发展具有重要意义。以稻壳为原料,氯化锌为活化剂,采用微波处理,制备出微细孔发达的商业级活性炭。微波法生物质制活性炭,加热时间短,能耗低,是具有商业前景的绿色化学工艺。     

Natural Weathering of Polypropylene and Waste Tire Dust (PP/WTD) Blends

Three series of polypropylene and waste tire dust (PP/WTD) blends using three different WTD sizes were prepared, compression-molded and cut into dumbbells. The specimens were exposed to natural weathering in the northern part of Malaysia for a period of 6 months. The results show that at the same blend composition, blends with fine WTD size exhibit higher mechanical properties than that of blends with coarse WTD after exposure to natural weathering. Regardless of WTD size, the retention of tensile strength and elongation at break, E_b increases with the increase in WTD content. From the exposed surface morphology, it is apparent that the blends with fine WTD and WTD-rich blends were able to withstand weathering better than blends with coarse WTD and PP-rich blends. The DSC thermograms suggest that the overall drop in melting temperature (T_m) of the exposed blends decreases as the WTD content increases.     

城市污泥制备水中重金属吸附剂及其吸附特性研究

本实验利用城市污水厂的脱水污泥,通过化学活化法制备活性炭.研究活化温度、活化时间、固液比和活化剂浓度等因素对制备污泥活性炭的影响,确定氯化锌法制备污泥活性炭的最佳工艺为活化温度550 ℃、活化时间30 min、固液比1∶2、氯化剂浓度45％.将制备的污泥活性炭吸附Cu2＋,Cr6＋,Cd2＋3种重金属离子模拟废水,研究pH值、吸附时间、污泥投加量、温度等因素对吸附过程的影响.实验结果表明,剩余污泥对Cu2＋,Cr6＋,Cd2＋3种重金属离子都具有良好的吸附效果,在优化条件下,3种重金属离子去除率分别达到94％,76％,81％,吸附能力大小顺序为Cu2＋＞Cd2＋＞＋Cr6＋.     

微波强化CWPO工艺CuO_x-CeO_2/GAC催化剂的制备及其对二甲亚砜的降解

以颗粒活性炭(GAC)为载体、铜为活性组分、铈为助剂组分、草酸钠为沉淀剂,采用浸渍焙烧法制得CuO_x-CeO_2/GAC催化剂。以H_2O_2为氧化剂,微波强化催化湿式过氧化氢氧化(CWPO)处理二甲亚砜(DMSO)初始质量浓度为1 000 mg/L的废水,处理3 min后DMSO去除率达93.8%。催化剂第7次使用时DMSO去除率仍保持在75%以上。初始废水pH在3~9范围内,DMSO去除率均在85%以上。助剂Ce的加入提高了催化剂表面活性组分的分散性和稳定性,使催化剂的活性稳定性和使用寿命显著提高。     

机械力化学活化HPW-TiO_2/膨润土光催化降解甲基橙

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了磷钨酸(HPW)改性TiO_2,并固载于膨润土上,再经机械力化学活化,得到机械力化学活化HPW-TiO_2/膨润土(MCA-HPW-TiO_2/膨润土)复合光催化剂。采用XRD,SEM,EDS技术对复合光催化剂进行了表征,并将其用于甲基橙的紫外光催化降解。表征结果显示:活性组分TiO_2和HPW成功固载于膨润土上;在机械力化学活化作用下,膨润土层间结构遭到破坏,TiO_2的XRD特征峰形呈弥散状态。实验结果表明:机械力化学活化作用对HPW-TiO_2/膨润土的光催化性能提升效果显著;在酸性及近中性条件下MCA-HPWTiO_2/膨润土均具有较高的催化活性;在溶液p H 6.2、初始甲基橙质量浓度10 mg/L、反应时间180 min、MCAHPW-TiO_2/膨润土投加量1 g/L的条件下,甲基橙去除率达88.27%;该光催化降解过程符合一级动力学模型。     

石墨相氮化碳协同UV-H_2O_2光催化降解亚甲基蓝

以三聚氰胺为前驱体,经热解—回流法制备了石墨相氮化碳(g-C3N4),采用XRD、FTIR、SEM、EDS、PL等技术对g-C_3N_4进行了表征。研究了g-C_3N_4在UV-H_2O_2体系中对废水中亚甲基蓝(MB)的光降解效果。实验结果表明,UV+g-C_3N_4催化剂+H_2O_2体系能协同降解MB,在初始MB质量浓度为20 mg/L、初始废水p H为5、废水体积为250 mL、g-C_3N_4加入量为0.10 g、H_2O_2浓度为0.4 mmol/L、反应温度为25℃的优化工艺条件下,紫外光照射70 min时MB脱色率达98.32%。g-C_3N_4催化剂具有较好的重复使用性能,使用5次后MB脱色率仍保持在95.10%。     

次氯酸钠废液活化法制备柚子皮活性炭

以柚子皮为原料,采用次氯酸钠废液活化法制备了柚子皮活性炭,通过正交实验优化了制备条件,并运用SEM、FTIR和XRD技术对活性炭产品进行了表征。实验结果表明:制备柚子皮活性炭的最佳工艺条件为炭化温度350℃、次氯酸钠废液含量25%(φ)、次氯酸钠废液活化时间25 min、高温活化温度650℃、高温活化时间60 min;最佳条件下,柚子皮活性炭的产率为31.88%、碘吸附值为854 mg/g、亚甲基蓝吸附值为216.9 mg/g。表征结果显示:活化后的柚子皮炭具有更大的孔体积、更有序的孔径排布和更发达的孔隙结构;柚子皮活性炭表面存在大量的含氧基团;柚子皮活性炭的石墨化度为61.32%,具有较高的稳定性。     

活性炭复合材料负载催化剂催化臭氧氧化处理石化废水

采用催化臭氧氧化深度处理某石化厂炼油废水,制备了活性炭复合材料负载催化剂(Fe_2O_3/ACNT),与几种常见负载催化剂进行了物性和COD去除效果的对比,并对Fe_2O_3/ACNT的催化效果和稳定性进行了详细分析。结果表明:催化剂的催化臭氧氧化活性由高到低的顺序为Fe_2O_3/ACNTFe_2O_3/活性炭Fe_2O_3/Al2O3Fe_2O_3/陶粒;Fe_2O_3/ACNT催化剂具有较高的比表面积、孔体积、强度和吸水率,使COD去除率由单独臭氧氧化时的约20%提高到66.8%。在催化剂填充量200 m L、废水pH 7.6、臭氧投加量200 mg/L、体积空速1 h~(-1)的条件下运行30d,COD去除率平均达65.1%,出水COD均值为40.8 mg/L,最高值为44.3 mg/L,满足外排水COD小于50 mg/L的指标。催化剂稳定性良好,运行30 d活性未见明显降低,具有在环保领域应用的前景。     

碱改性活性炭对VOCs的吸附性能

选用3种经氢氧化钠改性的活性炭,研究了其对4种代表性VOCs(丁酮、乙酸乙酯、甲苯和四氯化碳)的吸附规律。结果表明:活性炭经碱改性后吸附性能有较大改善,吸附量的大小与其比表面积呈正相关性,而其比表面积多为微孔提供;改性活性炭对有机气体的吸附以物理吸附为主;吸附质的相对分子质量、密度、熔点与其在改性活性炭上的吸附量具有线性相关性,而沸点、饱和蒸气压、分子动力学直径则与吸附量无明显相关性;对于同一吸附剂,170℃再生时的性能最好,130℃次之,210℃最差。     

Dehydrochlorination behavior of polyvinyl chloride and utilization of carbon residue: effect of plasticizer and inorganic filler

The dehydrochlorination behavior of plasticizer (DOP) and inorganic filler (CaCO₃) contained in PVC samples and the properties of the activated carbons produced from those carbon residues have been investigated. In the dehydrochlorination process, both additives contributed not only to a decrease in HCl yield but also to the prolonged evolution of HCl. Part of the Cl species were observed to be stabilized as CaCl₂ by reaction with calcium ions when CaCO₃ was added. More than 80% of chlorine removal was achieved in all samples at 533 K. The use of potassium as an activation agent led to the production of activated carbon with a specific surface area greater than 1000 m²/g at the low temperature of 1023 K and assisted also in the elimination of residual Cl species by the formation of KCl during activation. Chemical Feedstock Recycling & Other Innovative Recycling Techniques 6     

负载金属改性活性炭纤维的脱硫性能

采用浸渍法将金属负载到活性炭纤维(ACF)上对其进行改性,研究了负载金属改性ACF对模型油(二苯并噻吩-正辛烷)的吸附脱硫效果,对比了不同单金属和复合金属盐改性ACF的脱硫性能。实验结果表明:Ag和Zn复合改性的ACF具有最好的脱硫性能;在吸附温度为40℃,吸附时间为2.5 h,油剂质量比为21.5的优化条件下,脱硫率高达97.55%,且具有良好的重复利用性。