汉江下游鱼类早期资源及梯级联合生态调度对鱼类繁殖影响的初步分析

汉江是长江一级支流,鱼类资源较为丰富。目前汉江中下游建有4座水利枢纽工程,对鱼类洄游和繁殖产生较大影响。在鱼类繁殖季节,为促进汉江中下游鱼类繁殖,2018年6月汉江中下游首次实施梯级联合生态调度。该研究在汉江下游汉川段设置监测断面,采集鱼类早期资源,以分析汉江下游鱼类早期资源多样性,及生态调度对促进汉江下游鱼类繁殖的效果。监测结果表明汉江下游卵苗种类共有36种（属）,其中22种为产漂流性卵鱼类。监测期间卵苗总径流量为118.78亿尾（粒）,其中四大家鱼卵苗为0.87亿尾（粒）,占0.73%,其中鱼卵0.69亿粒,推测汉江下游有4处四大家鱼产卵场。梯级联合生态调度期间,汉川江段出现一次鱼类产卵高峰,鱼卵径流量占总径流量的34.1%,其中四大家鱼鱼卵占家鱼卵总径流量的85.5%,表明梯级联合生态调度对汉江下游鱼类,特别是四大家鱼的繁殖具有积极的作用。建议今后继续开展生态调度,并加强监测和分析工作。     

基于用地倾向性评价的农村潜在土地利用冲突识别研究——以西峡县东坪村为例

精准识别农村潜在土地利用冲突是预先权衡和协调冲突用地,指导农村和谐发展的重要基础。以西峡县东坪村为例,综合考虑"发展建设—农业生产—生态维护"多重土地利用目标,进行建设用地、农业用地和生态用地的用地倾向性评价,建立倾向性比较矩阵识别潜在土地利用冲突区域,并根据识别成果提出相应的差别化管理建议。结果表明:东坪村有47%的土地存在明显潜在土地利用冲突的风险,包括冲突一般区和冲突激烈区,分别占土地总面积的20.61%和26.39%。冲突激烈区(J)中J1涉及面积最大,占土地总面积的18.84%,是接下来土地利用工作中亟需防治的重点问题。除此之外,用地优势区和冲突微弱区分别占土地总面积48.13%和4.87%。总体来看,东坪村内潜在土地利用冲突范围较大,程度较强,冲突形势较为严峻。     

Evaluation of photolysis and hydrolysis of pyraclostrobin in aqueous solutions and its degradation products in paddy water

This study evaluated the hydrolysis and photolysis kinetics of pyraclostrobin in an aqueous solution using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–photodiode array detection and identified the resulting metabolites of pyraclostrobin by hydrolysis and photolysis in paddy water using high-resolution mass spectrometry coupled with liquid chromatography. The effect of solution pH, metal ions and surfactants on the hydrolysis of pyraclostrobin was explored. The hydrolysis half-lives of pyraclostrobin were 23.1–115.5?days and were stable in buffer solution at pH 5.0. The degradation rate of pyraclostrobin in an aqueous solution under sunlight was slower than that under UV photolysis reaction. The half-lives of pyraclostrobin in a buffer solution at pH 5.0, 7.0, 9.0 and in paddy water were less than 12?h under the two light irradiation types. The metabolites of the two processes were identified and compared to further understand the mechanisms underlying hydrolysis and photolysis of pyraclostrobin in natural water. The extracted ions obtained from paddy water were automatically annotated by Compound Discoverer software with manual confirmation of their fragments. Two metabolites were detected and identified in the pyraclostrobin hydrolysis, whereas three metabolites were detected and identified in the photolysis in paddy water.     

Determination of the residue dynamics and dietary risk of thiamethoxam and its metabolite clothianidin in citrus and soil by LC-MS/MS

A modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe (QuEChERS) method was developed for the determination of thiamethoxam and its metabolite clothianidin in citrus (including the whole citrus, peel and pulp) and soil samples by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The sample was extracted with acetonitrile and purified with octadecylsilane. The detection limits of both compounds were 0.0001–0.0002?mg kg^–1, while the limit of quantification of thiamethoxam was 0.002?mg kg^–1 and the limit of quantitation of metabolites was 0.001?mg kg^–1. The recovery was 70.37%–109.76%, with inter-day relative standard deviations (RSD) (n?=?15) values ≤9.46% for the two compounds in the four matrices. The degradation curve of thiamethoxam in whole citrus and soil was plotted using the first-order kinetic model. The half-life of the whole citrus was 1.9–6.2?days, and the half-life of the soil was 3.9–4.2?days. The terminal residue of thiamethoxam (the sum of thiamethoxam and clothianidin, expressed as thiamethoxam) was found to be concentrated on the peel. The final residual amount of thiamethoxam in the edible portion (pulp) was less than 0.061?mg kg^–1. The risk quotient values were all below 1, indicating that thiamethoxam as a citrus insecticide does not pose a health risk to humans at the recommended dosage.     

秦巴山区降雨侵蚀力时空变化特征

降雨侵蚀力时空变化特征的研究对区域土壤侵蚀风险评估及水土保持规划具有重要的意义。利用秦巴山区及周边地区共63个气象站1961~2016年的逐日降雨量数据计算各站的降雨侵蚀力,借助Kriging空间插值法、Mann-Kendall趋势检验、Pettitt突变检验等方法分析了秦巴山区降雨侵蚀力的时空变化特征。结果表明：秦巴山区年均降雨侵蚀力为3 696 MJ·mm/(hm²·h·a),年内变化呈单峰型,7月最大,占全年的26.6%;四季中,夏季最大,冬季最小。代际间,20世纪80年代的降雨侵蚀力最大,90年代最小。年际间,年降雨侵蚀力存在明显的阶段性,但未表现出显著的趋势性和突变性特征。秦巴山区多年平均降雨侵蚀力呈南高北低的分布格局,不同地区年均降雨侵蚀力变化于787~8 858 MJ·mm/(hm²·h·a)之间;整体而言,年降雨侵蚀力随纬度增加而减小,随海拔升高而减小。     

化工园区生化出水氯代烃污染物的臭氧氧化降解

以化工园区污水处理厂生化出水为背景水样,考察了臭氧氧化对2,4,6-三氯酚、氯苯、1,2-二氯苯、对硝基氯苯、四氯酞酸5种特征氯代烃污染物的降解效果,并对其降解动力学进行了分析。实验结果表明:臭氧对2,4,6-三氯酚和氯苯的降解效果最好,反应30 min时的去除率均接近100%,其次为1,2-二氯苯和对硝基氯苯,反应30 min时的去除率分别为95.7%和36.0%,最差为四氯酞酸,反应30 min时的去除率仅为8.9%;臭氧对2,4,6-三氯酚和对硝基氯苯的降解符合零级动力学方程,对氯苯和1,2-二氯苯的降解符合一级动力学方程,对四氯酞酸的降解符合二级动力学方程。     

秸秆发酵乳酸菌复合系SFC-2的构建及其组成多样性研究

为了获得促进作物干秸秆乳酸发酵的微生物,以玉米秸秆和水稻秸秆的自然发酵物为菌种来源,用MRS蔗糖培养基,通过连续定向继代培养,筛选出pH下降迅速、乳酸含量高、组成稳定的乳酸菌复合系SFC-2.DGGE分析表明,SFC-2经过连续继代培养,从第25代开始其微生物组成基本稳定.SFC-2 培养12 h后pH下降至3.8,乳酸含量达10.64 mg/mL,其中64%为L-(+) 乳酸.通过平板分离获得4株细菌,全部为Lactobacillus,其近缘种分别为L. fermentum、L. plantarum、L. paracasei和L. paracasei sub sp.;通过16S rDNA克隆文库分析获得7个克隆,其近缘种主要为L. fermentum、L. plantarum及L.paracasei;在16S rDNA的克隆文库中,76.3%为L. fermentum的近缘种,20.3%为L. plantarum的近缘种,3.4%为L. paracasei的近缘种.     

GC/MS法测定生物样品中多溴联苯醚类化合物

本研究建立了多溴联苯醚（PBDEs）生物样品分析方法,获得了优化的前处理条件、气相色谱和质谱检测条件.对定性定量方法及实验条件必须满足的要求进行了评价.通过质量控制（quality control, QC）对整个方法进行了验证.结果证明,本研究所建立的分析方法满足生物样品PBDEs测定的要求,回收率在50.5%～112.3%之间,回收率相对标准偏差在5.3%～9.9%之间,方法检测限在7.1～161.8 pg/g之间.在建立的方法基础上,测定了部分养殖和野生鱼类样品,测得的野生鳜鱼和鲫鱼以及2个养殖鲈鱼样品的结果分别为1.53、1.11、5.31和6.15 ng/g(干重),其中主要的同族体为BDE47.     

复合式静电除尘器脱除电厂排放PM2.5研究

控制燃煤电厂的小颗粒PM2.5排放是控制大气可吸人颗粒物污染的重要途径之一.传统静电除尘器对亚微米级颗粒脱除效率较低,为提高脱除效率,建立了一种脉冲预荷电直流收尘的复合式除尘系统,采用较低能耗的高压窄脉冲放电对颗粒物预荷电,大大提高了亚微米级颗粒的荷电量.结合传统的直流静电除尘器可以大幅提高对亚微米级颗粒的脱除效率,对小于1μm的颗粒脱除效率可以达到90%以上.并分析了脉冲荷电的电源形式和电压等因素对脱除效率的影响,为改造传统静电除尘器提供了理论支持.     

京西门头沟区自然植被滞尘能力及效益研究

利用2006年夏季实地测量的植物叶片滞尘数值,得出常绿乔木、落叶阔叶乔木、灌木以及草地4种不同植物类型的平均滞尘能力,再将其与用遥感方法估算出的叶面积指数以及植被统计数据相结合,评估了门头沟区自然植被总体的滞尘能力、滞尘量与滞尘效益.结果表明: 自然植被具有明显的滞尘功能,门头沟区自然植被的年滞尘量为39.47×104 t,由此带来的滞尘效益价值为67.10×106元;灌木林和落叶阔叶林2种植被类型,是研究区自然植被滞尘能力和年滞尘量的主要组成部分;常绿乔木的滞尘时间长于其他任何植物种类,其年滞尘量与滞尘能力所占比例有所增加.