典型页岩气油基钻屑的组成分析及危害评价

分别从重庆某两个页岩气井场选取水平井油基钻屑(A)和直井油基钻屑(B)样品,详细分析其基本性质及组成。结果表明:油基钻屑由72.78%~81.34%的灰分、14.14%~26.21%的有机物和1.01%~4.52%的水分组成。灰分来源于钻井液中的无机添加剂和钻头破碎的岩石碎屑,主要成分为CaCO_3、BaSO_4、SiO_2和Fe_2O_3。有机物来源于调制钻井液的基础油和各类有机添加剂,主要成分为烷烃、多环芳烃、苯系物和烯烃。碱性盐、重金属和有机物是油基钻屑中的三类有害物质,且其危害依次增加,若不加以有效处置,将对当地生态环境和人类健康造成持久性破坏。     

城市环境风险评价——基于113个环境保护重点城市分析

基于2014年113个环境保护重点城市的环境风险源和环境风险受体数据,构建环境风险评价指标体系,采用因子分析和聚类分析,对案例城市进行环境风险水平评价和环境风险类型分类。结果显示,从环境风险空间分布角度,东部城市环境风险水平两极化严重,主要影响因素是污染物排放水平的差异;西部城市环境风险处于中等偏高水平;中部城市环境风险处于中等水平;东北城市环境风险偏高,需要尽快转变经济发展结构。根据环境风险类型分布,识别出6类环境风险管理重点城市及其风险管理重点方向。资源型城市和一线城市环境风险管理的重点是污染治理,经济发展相对落后城市环境风险管理的重点是风险抵御,其余城市需要进行环境风险综合预防和管理。     

基于CVM的城市环境价值评价研究——以中国34个城市为例

随着城市经济的增长,人们生活水平的提高,城市环境也受到了严重的破坏。近些年来,区域环境事件层出不穷,城市环境问题越来越受到社会各界的关注。对城市环境价值进行评价,可以反映城市环境管理的公众参与度,有利于生态文明城市的建设。文章运用条件价值评估法(CVM)对中国各大城市进行了支付意愿的计算,量化并对比分析了各大城市居民的环境支付意愿,最后给出了城市环境管理中公众参与的一些建议。     

崇明岛土壤中MCCPs的污染水平、组成与来源研究

用GC-ECNI-MS测定了崇明岛土壤中24种中链氯化石蜡(MCCPs)同类物组的含量.目的是了解该地区土壤中MCCPs的污染水平、空间分布、组成特征和来源.结果表明MCCPs在崇明岛土壤中普遍存在,浓度范围为2.56~96.3 ng·g-1,中值为7.32 ng·g-1.聚类分析将所有样品分为两类.大多数土壤样品MCCPs以C14-MCCPs和C15-MCCPs为主要碳同类物组,分别占29.8%和28.9%;Cl5-MCCPs和Cl6-MCCPs为主要氯同类物组,分别占29.9%和23.3%;个别样品中,C14-MCCPs是主要碳同类物组,占68.5%,与CP-52的组成相似.大气沉降和土壤-大气交换可能是崇明岛土壤中MCCPs主要来源,个别点可能受到污水处理厂污泥或其他不明污染源的污染.MCCPs与TOC之间没有显著统计相关性.因子分析表明4种MCCPs的碳同类物组具有相似的来源.与国内外其它研究相比,崇明岛土壤中MCCPs处于较低水平.     

Effects of atamp-charging coke making on strength and high temperature thermal properties of coke

The stamp-charging coke making process has some advantages of improving the operation environment, decreasing fugitive emission, higher gas collection efficiency as well as less environmental pollution. This article describes the different structure strength and high temperature thermal properties of 4 different types of coke manufactured using a conventional coking process and the stamp-charging coke making process. The 4 kinds of cokes were prepared from the mixture of five feed coals blended by the petrography blending method. The results showed that the structure strength indices of coke prepared using the stamp-charging coke method increase sharply. In contrast with conventional coking process, the stamp-charging process improved the coke strength after reaction but had little impact on the coke reactivity index.     

Research on the evolvement of morphology of coking coal during the coking process

The evolvement of morphology and structure of the coal with different metamorphic degrees during coking process in the vertical furnace was investigated by infrared Image detector. Moreover, the temperature distribution in the radial direction and the crack formation were also studied in heating process. The results show that the amount of crack and the shrinkage level of char decrease with the coal rank rising. In addition, the initial temperature of crack formation for char increases with the coal rank rising.     

Effect of mass fraction of long flame coal on swelling pressure and microstructures of cokes

Long flame coal are abundant and widely distributed in China, but the resource utilization is quite low, the production efficiency is not high. Stamp-charging coke making technology can bend some long flame coal, which can reduce production cost and expand the coking coal resources. The long flame coal of different mass fraction is added into prime coking coal including fat coal from Longhu, 1/3 coking coal from Xinjian and coking coal from Didao in experiment. The swelling pressure is tested on-line detection using pressure sensor in coke making process, and the pores are observed by scanning electron microscopy. The results show that, the swelling pressure first increase and then decrease with the temperature increased and the maximum swelling pressure reduces gradually with mass fraction of the Long flame coal from Shenmu increased in coke making process. The SEM images of resultant coke display that the coke get more and more loose and the amount of pores is increased with mass fraction of the long flame coal from Shenmu increased. The amount pores and the pore diameter both is minimum for coking coal from Didao as prime coking coal under the same fraction of long flame coal.     

广西北部湾沿海经济区水稻及根系土硒含量特征

应用原子荧光光度法对广西北部湾沿海经济区水稻和根系土中的硒含量进行了测试。研究了水稻中硒含量与根系土中硒含量以及土壤性质之间关系。结果表明:研究区水稻中硒含量在0.021～0.335mg/kg之间,平均值为0.074mg/kg,标准差0.045,样品数为70件;根系土中硒含量变化范围为0.167～1.328mg/kg,平均值为0.620mg/kg,标准差0.230,样品数为70件。高于世界土壤表层平均值和全国表层土壤平均值,相关分析结果表明,根系土中S、有机质、P、C、N不利于水稻对硒的吸收,高CaO含量和pH有利于硒的吸收。土壤全硒量不是控制水稻硒水平的最主要因素。     

新型钢结构法兰节点不同加强环板的数值模拟研究

设计制作了一种采用高强螺栓连接的新型法兰外环板式节点试件,在低周往复加载试验研究中,直角型加强环板转角处存在应力集中现象。以该试验为基础,通过大型有限元软件ABAQUS对试件进行数值模拟,将模拟与试验所得到的破坏机制、滞回曲线和骨架曲线的结果进行了对比验证,证明了ABAQUS模型的可靠性。为避免上述直角型加强环板中存在的应力集中现象,将模型中加强环板转角构造形式改为圆弧型,比较了不同形式下的节点破坏模式以及滞回曲线、骨架曲线、延性性能、耗能能力、刚度退化等抗震性能参数,结果表明：圆弧型转角形式能够较好地避免节点直角型加强环板转角处的应力集中且提升了抗震性能。数值模拟研究为该新型法兰外环板式节点的深入研究与工程应用提供了一定的理论基础。     

基于物质平衡模型的工业汞污染防治环境经济手段分析

我国以行政命令手段为主的环境管理措施并不能完全有效控制环境汞污染,因而有必要引入环境经济手段。本文基于汞在采掘、冶炼和产品生产三个生产环节中的利用、处置与排放特征,构建了经济系统及行业部门的汞物质平衡模型,并发现,单个污染源的汞污染物治理难以保证消除汞的环境危害。因而,采取环境经济手段控制工业汞污染,尽可能少的向环境中排放汞,在涉汞工业系统的层面上提高汞的利用效率和再资源化率。我国工业汞污染防治的环境经济手段包括环境污染价格、税费以及绿色金融两大类,但仅对生产环节高浓度汞排放发挥作用,对于堆存、再提取和处置环节的汞排放则作用不大。对此,应从扩大环境税(排污费)的征收范围,建立长效的绿色金融机制和推进第三方治理低含量含汞废物,这三个方面加以改进。