胶州湾北岸潮间带三-(2,3-二溴丙基)异氰脲酸酯和六溴环十二烷的分布水平

对胶州湾北岸潮间带底泥样品中三-(2,3-二溴丙基)异氰脲酸酯(tris-(2,3-dibromopropyl)isocyanurate,TBC)和六溴环十二烷(hexabromocyclododecanes,HBCDs)的3种同分异构体(α-HBCD、β-HBCD、γ-HBCD)的分布水平进行分析,结合索氏提取与Waters ACQUITY UPLC-MS-MS超高效液相色谱-质谱联用仪检测出TBC和HBCDs的3种同分异构体α-HBCD、β-HBCD、γ-HBCD,浓度范围分别为1.20~5.62 ng·g~(-1)(干重)、1.18~1.54 ng·g~(-1)(干重)、1.50~1.85 ng·g~(-1)(干重)、2.12~2.99 ng·g~(-1)(干重)。其中,TBC在河流入海口处的浓度较高,γ-HBCD占ΣHBCDs的比例(44.75%)最高,且相关性分析表明TBC和HBCDs可能有相似的污染来源。最近,斯德哥尔摩公约持久性有机污染物审查委员会(POPRC)将HBCDs列入POPs名单加以限制使用,这表明其具有一定的环境风险,未来可能对环境和人类健康造成的危害应该引起足够的重视。     

草甘膦对非靶标生物的毒性研究进展

随着现代农业的飞速发展,农药的使用越来越广泛。草甘膦作为全球销量最大的农药除草剂,在自然环境中广泛存在,其对生态环境和人类健康的影响越来越受到人们的关注。文中从水生/两栖动物、土壤生物、哺乳动物以及人群等4个方面对除草剂草甘膦对非靶标生物的毒性研究概况进行综述,并对该领域未来发展趋势做了简要分析与展望,以期为草甘膦的生态安全和环境风险评价提供数据资料,为其合理使用提供理论指导。     

Contamination levels and human health risk assessment of toxic heavy metals in street dust in an industrial city in Northwest China

This study investigated the content, distribution, and contamination levels of toxic metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn) in street dust in Lanzhou, an industrial city in Northwest China. Meanwhile, the risk these metals posed to the urban ecosystem and human health was also evaluated using the potential ecological risk index and human exposure model. Results showed that concentrations of these metals in the dust are higher than the background value of local soil, with Cu having the highest levels. The districts of Anning and Xigu had the most extreme levels of contamination, while Chengguan and Qilihe districts were lightly contaminated, which can be partly attributed to human activities and traffic densities. In comparison with the concentrations of selected metals in other cities, the concentrations of heavy metals in Lanzhou were generally at moderate or low levels. Heavy metal concentration increased with decreasing dust particle size. The pollution indices of Cr, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn were in the range of 0.289–2.09, 0.332–2.15, 1.38–6.21, 0.358–2.59, and 0.560–1.83 with a mean of 1.37, 1.49, 3.18, 1.48, and 0.897, respectively. The geo-accumulation index (I _geo) suggested that Zn in street dust was of geologic origin, while Cd, Cr, Pb, and Cu were significantly impacted by anthropogenic sources. The comprehensive pollution index showed that urban dust poses a high potential ecological risk in Lanzhou. Non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic effects due to exposure to urban street dust were assessed for both children and adults. For non-carcinogenic effects, ingestion appeared to be the main route of exposure to dust particles and thus posed a higher health risk to both children and adults for all metals, followed by dermal contact. Hazard index values for all studied metals were lower than the safe level of 1, and Cr exhibited the highest risk value (0.249) for children, suggesting that the overall risk from exposure to multiple metals in dust is low. The carcinogenic risk for Cd and Cr was all below the acceptable level (< 10⁻⁶).

     

Effects of a lead- and cadmium-resistant fungal strain on the absorption of heavy metals by Vetiveria zizanioides北大核心CSCD

A two-factor randomized complete block experiment was used to explore the remediation by a plant-microorganism combination on soils contaminated by lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd). Factor A was the amount of fungi, for which four values were considered, namely, 0, 1, 3, and 5 g. Factor B was the level of contamination by lead and cadmium, for which six values were considered, namely, Cd0Pb0, Cd10Pb400, Cd20Pb600, Cd30Pb800, Cd50Pb1200, and Cd80Pb1800 (data in units of mg/ kg). The results showed that the resistant fungi promoted the growth of vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides). At weights of 1, 3, and 5 g, the resistant fungi increased the biomass of vetiver by 41.9%, 74.9%, and 71.7% respectively. The resistant fungi stimulated the absorption of lead and cadmium by both the aerial and underground parts of vetiver. In the presence of 80 mg/kg of Cd2+ and 1 800 mg/kg of Pb2+, the contents of lead in the aerial parts of vetiver were increased by 120.6%, 265.4%, and 242.9%, while the lead content in the underground parts were increased by 110.3%, 278.2%, and 266.2%, after the addition of 1 g, 3 g, and 5 g of fungi, respectively. The content of cadmium in the aerial parts increased by 113.2%, 238.3%, and 217.3%, while the content of cadmium in the underground parts increased by 103.1%, 298.8%, and 274.4%, after the addition of 1 g, 3 g, and 5 g of fungi, respectively. The addition of fungi strengthened the effect of V. zizanioides to remediate soils contaminated by lead and cadmium, and the remediation after the addition of 3 g of fungi was better than that after treatment with 1 g and 5 g of fungi. The combination of resistant fungi and the heavy metal enrichment plant, vetiver, under different concentrations of lead and cadmium showed that the fungi had a significant effect on the remediation of soils contaminated by lead and cadmium. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

南京市典型地区可吸入颗粒物(PM10)中颗粒的微观形貌特征及其矿物组成

应用扫描电镜技术(SEM/EDX)对南京市两典型地区PM10中颗粒的微观形貌及其矿物组成进行了研究.结果表明,南京市大厂区(典型工业区)PM10中的颗粒多以形态规则矿物颗粒为主,山西路地区(典型商业区)PM10中的颗粒多以形态不规则出现,形态规则颗粒主要是碳酸盐、硫酸盐和铝硅酸盐矿物,形态不规则颗粒主要是烟尘结合体、生物质和原生矿物.     

Particle-facilitated lead and arsenic transport in abandoned mine sites soil influenced by simulated acid rain

The role of acid rain in affecting Pb and As transport from mine tailings was investigated by pumping simulated acid rain at a infiltration rate of 10.2 cm/h through soil columns. Simulated acid rain with pH of 3.0, 4.5 and 5.6 were used as leaching solutions. Results showed that 86.9–95.9% of Pb and 90–91.8% of As eluted from the columns were adsorbed by particles in the leachates. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis showed that particles released from the columns were mainly composed of flocculated aggregates and plate or rod shaped discrete grains. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) coupled with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) showed that these particles were predominantly silicate minerals. Results from our experiments demonstrated that when rapid infiltration conditions or a rainstorm exist, particle-facilitated transport of contaminants is likely to the dominant metal transport pathway influenced by acid rain.     

气升式内循环蜂窝陶瓷反应器高效快速修复地表水的研究

采用新型蜂窝陶瓷载体气升式内循环反应器(IAL-CHS)对受污染的城市地表水进行生物修复,该反应器能快速有效地修复受污染水体.考查了氨氮的变化历程、HRT与氨氮去除率间的关系,确定了最佳HRT为20 min.在HRT为20 min、接触反应时间仅为14 min条件下,该反应器对氨氮、TP、COD、TOC、浊度、UV254的去除率分别为86.7%～96.2%、4.5%～34.4%、15.5%～63.6%、5.8%～38.1%、9.4%～88.3%、3.8%～48.5%.     

上海市空气质量变化的多重分形分析

以上海市2000年7月至2006年6月的污染指数时间序列为基础数据,引入多重分形分析方法对上海市的大气污染特征及其变化趋势进行了研究.研究表明,上海市的3种主要大气污染物(SO2、NO2和PM10)在整个时间尺度上均表现出标度不变性,具有完全不同的多重分形特征.多重分形分析方法不仅能确认序列中的标度不变性,而且能说明3种大气污染物序列中概率分布的标度变化,这对于描述大气污染物时间序列的动力学变化具有现实意义.另外,进一步应用3个多重分形谱参数(B、△a和△f),研究了3种大气污染物各年的多重分形谱的变化,并结合上海市采取的大气环境治理措施,对其变化的原因进行了分析.结果表明,多重分形谱参数可作为一个评价城市空气质量演变程度的综合定量指标.为分析城市空气质量的演变提供了一条新的途径,对于认识上海市城市空气质量的变化过程和科学制订环境保护决策具有重要意义.     

一种新型聚四氟乙烯膜在油田采出水的试验研究

本实验装置原水为大庆油田采出水,经过0.1μm聚四氟乙烯膜处理后要求达到SS≤1.0 mg/L、粒径中值≤1μm和0il≤5.0 mg/L的标准,然后再回注。实验结果表明:在预处理出水稳定在0il≤15.0 mg/L、SS≤5.0 mg/L、粒径中值≤3μm条件下,该水质作为膜系统的进水时,膜的出水水质中粒径中值不达标,SS和oil含量能达到设计要求。在预处理出水水质超出设计范围时,膜的出水水质中SS超标,而oil和粒径中值能达标。