多效唑在土壤中降解、吸附和淋溶作用

本文研究了植物生长调节剂多效唑(MET)在土壤中的环境引为,MET在土壤中降解较缓慢并随土壤环境条件而异,淹水厌氧条件比旱地好氧条件降解更缓慢,灭菌土壤中未见明显降解,微生物培养试验表明,MET对真菌有明显抑止作用,以MET为唯一营养源的培养基上能生长出几种放线菌,在三种供试土壤中,MET在高有机质含量的黑土中吸附常数远大于黄棕壤和潮土;MET的淋溶则在砂粒含量较高和有机质含量较低的潮土中最快,黑土最慢,黄棕壤居间.     

实物期权在流域生态补偿机会成本测算中的应用

生态补偿标准的确定是流域生态补偿核心问题之一,而流域生态补偿标准中机会成本的测算是个难题。流域生态环境资源的专用性,以及自然资源自身价值的不确定性导致生态补偿额中机会成本具有很大的不确定性。现有的机会成本测算方法中没有考虑到这种不确定性。金融学中的实物期权理论给出了使投资者考虑未来不确定因素,把握投资机会价值,使项目价值最大化的方法。基于实物期权理论中的二项式实物期权模型,考虑由于流域生态环境效益价值波动的不确定性因素影响,构建了流域生态补偿机会成本实物期权测算模型。以新安江流域为例,重点考虑新安江流域生态环境效益中渔业效益与旅游效益未来市场发展的不确定性因素影响,测算了机会成本价值,并与已有的实证调查法与对比法的结果进行对比,验证了模型的可行性     

Using air pollution based community clusters to explore air pollution health effects in children

To study respiratory health effects of long-term exposure to ambient air pollutant mixture, we observed 7058 school children 5-16 years of age living in the four Chinese cities of Lanzhou, Chongqing, Wuhan, and Guangzhou. These children were enrolled from elementary schools located in eight districts, one urban district and one suburban district in each of the above cities. Ambient levels of PM(2.5), PM(10-2.5), total suspended particles (TSP), SO(2), and NO(x) were measured in these districts from 1993 to 1996. Based on a cluster analysis of arithmetic mean concentrations of PM(2.5), PM(10-2.5), (TSP-PM(10)), SO(2), and NO(x), we classified these children into four ordinal categories of exposure to ambient air pollutant mixtures. We tested for exposure-response relationships using logistic regression models, controlling for relevant covariates. We observed monotonic, positive relationships of exposure to the pollutant mixture with prevalence rates of cough with phlegm and wheeze. Other outcomes were not associated with the exposure in a monotonic exposure-response pattern. Even so, odds ratios for cough, phlegm, bronchitis, and asthma in the higher exposure district clusters were all higher than in the lowest exposure district cluster. We found evidence that exposure to the pollutant mixtures had adverse effects on children living in the four Chinese cities.     

顶空气相色谱法测定水中甲醛、乙醛和丙烯醛

建立了顶空气相色谱法同时测定水中甲醛、乙醛、丙烯醛的方法。目标化合物连续测定9次的相对标准偏差分别为0.01,1.89,3.54;检出限分别为0.03μg/L,5.68μg/L,10.3μg/L,实际水样加标回收率在98%~101%。方法简便,快速,灵敏度高,基体干扰小。适用于地表水、地下水和工业废水中甲醛、乙醛、丙烯醛的同时、快速测定。     

软骨藻酸神经毒性作用机制研究进展

在拟菱形藻引发的有毒赤潮中产生的记忆缺失性贝毒(amnesic shellfish poison,ASP)软骨藻酸,经贝类等海洋生物摄入进入食物链,在对海洋生物造成危害的同时,也对人类健康造成威胁。软骨藻酸中毒者临床上表现为呕吐、腹痛和头痛等症状,严重者出现神经系统功能紊乱,如昏迷、抽搐和记忆缺失。软骨藻酸结构上与兴奋性氨基酸谷氨酸相似,它可以通过直接活化KA(kainate)受体和AMPA(α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid)受体介导兴奋性神经毒。本文主要从线粒体功能紊乱、内质网应激和神经炎症等方面就软骨藻酸的神经毒性作用机制进行了综述。     

苏里格气田钻井液不落地技术的应用

为有效保护环境和提高钻井液的重复利用率,苏里格气田在开发过程中形成了一套成熟的钻井液不落地处理技术。通过对现场应用效果的分析,此技术减少了修建泥浆池的工作量,实现了钻井过程中废弃钻井液的不落地处理,减少了对环境造成的影响,同时还提高了钻井液的循环利用率,节约了大量水资源,实现了环保清洁型生产的目标。     

固态排渣煤粉炉NOx产生浓度影响因素偏相关分析

利用第一次全国污染源普查“火力发电行业产排污系数核算”工作中现场监测得到的数据,首次采用偏相关分析的方法,对固态排渣煤粉炉中机组规模、空气过剩系数、煤中挥发分和发电负荷率等因素对NOx产生浓度的影响进行定性分析,结论：NOx产生浓度与前三种因素存在显著的相关。而与发电负荷率的关系受锅炉是否采用低氮燃烧技术的影响。空气过剩系数越大,煤的挥发分越高,NOx产生浓度越低;采用低氮燃烧装置的锅炉中,机组规模越大,产生的NOx越少,且对于同一锅炉来说,NOx产生浓度随着发电负荷率的升高而增大;未采用燃烧控制的锅炉中,机组规模越大,NOx产生浓度越高,且与发电负荷率不相关。根据分析结果,提出了控制燃煤电厂固态排渣煤粉炉NOx排放的优化措施和建议。     

地市级环境监测管理信息系统自主开发的探索——桂林市环境监测中心站基于EXCEL服务器平台方案实践

桂林环境监测站利用Excel服务器+SQL-Server数据库的组合方案,成功开发了"环境监测管理信息系统"。在环境监测信息化的实用软件设计、开发模式创新、核心技术把握、人才队伍建设、维护运行机制等多方面进行积极探索。     

固相萃取-气质联用法测定固体废物浸出液中的二硝基苯

建立了一种利用固相萃取法对固体废物浸出液(TCLP)中二硝基苯进行萃取,DB-5石英毛细管柱(30 m×0.25 mm×0.25μm)进行分离,质谱检测器检测二硝基苯的方法。方法在0.002 0~0.020 0 mg/L之间线性关系良好,二硝基苯三种同分异构体的检出限均为0.5μg/L,模拟样品加标回收率为93%~96%,RSD≤2%;实际固体废物样品测定的加标回收率为95%~98%。     

Evidence for the involvement of Fe(IV) in water treatment by Fe(III)-activated sulfite

Water contamination by emerging organic pollutants is calling for advanced methods of remediation such as iron-activated sulfite-based advanced oxidation. Sulfate radical, SO₄^??, and hydroxyl radical, ^?OH, are the primary reactive intermediates formed in the Fe(III)/sulfite system, yet the possible involvement of Fe(IV) produced from Fe(II) and persulfates is unclear. Here we explored the role of Fe(IV) in the Fe(III)/sulfite system by methyl phenyl sulfoxide (PMSO) probe assay, electron paramagnetic resonance spectra analysis, alcohol scavenging experiment, and kinetic simulation. Results show that PMSO is partially transformed into methyl phenyl sulfone (PMSO₂), thus evidencing Fe(IV) formation. The remaining degradation of PMSO is due to SO₄^?? and ^?OH. The contribution of Fe(IV) versus free radicals is progressively promoted when the Fe(III)-sulfite reaction proceeds, with an upper limit of 80–90%. The contribution of Fe(IV) versus free radicals increases with Fe(III) and sulfite dosages, and decreases with increasing pH. Overall, our findings demonstrate the involvement of Fe(IV) in the Fe-catalyzed sulfite auto-oxidation process.