1982—2015年长江流域植被覆盖度时空变化分析

量化植被覆盖变化及其与气候变化之间的关系,是当前全球变化和陆地表层生态系统研究领域的热点和难点。论文基于GIMMS-NDVI数据和气象数据,运用趋势分析、突变分析、偏相关分析以及残差分析,探讨长江流域植被覆盖度时空变化特征及其对气候和人类活动干扰的响应机制。结果表明：1）1982—2015年间长江流域除岷-沱江和太湖流域植被覆盖度为下降趋势外,其余均呈上升趋势,呈上升趋势的区域占流域总面积的69.77%,其中45.09%的区域呈显著上升趋势（P<0.1）;2）基于Mann-Kendall突变分析发现,1982—2015年间长江流域植被覆盖度年际变化存在突变现象,且区域差异性显著;3）气温与植被覆盖度的偏相关系数绝对值最大的像元占研究区总面积的43.31%,表明气温是长江流域近30 a植被覆盖度年际变化的主要影响因素;4）人类活动对长江流域植被覆盖度的影响力以持续增强为主,人类活动减弱的区域主要分布在金沙江流域、岷-沱江流域、汉水流域局部区域以及各大省会城市区域。     

Effect of sulfur source on photocatalytic degradation performance of CdS/MoS2 prepared with one-step hydrothermal synthesis

Cd S/Mo S_2,an extremely efficient photocatalyst,has been extensively used in hydrogen photoproduction and pollutant degradation.Cd S/Mo S_2can be synthesized by a facile one-step hydrothermal process.However,the effect of the sulfur source on the synthesis of Cd S/Mo S_2via one-step hydrothermal methods has seldom been investigated.We report herein a series of one-step hydrothermal preparations of Cd S/Mo S_2using three different sulfur sources:thioacetamide,L-cysteine,and thiourea.The results revealed that the sulfur source strongly affected the crystallization,morphology,elemental composition and ultraviolet(UV)–visible-light-absorption ability of the Cd S/Mo S_2.Among the investigated sulfur sources,thioacetamide provided the highest visible-light absorption ability for Cd S/Mo S_2,with the smallest average particle size and largest surface area,resulting in the highest efficiency in Methylene Blue(MB)degradation.The photocatalytic activity of Cd S/Mo S_2synthesized from the three sulfur sources can be arranged in the following order:thioacetamideL-cysteinethiourea.The reaction rate constants(k)for thioacetamide,L-cysteine,and thiourea were estimated to be 0.0197,0.0140,and 0.0084 min~(-1),respectively.However,thioacetamide may be limited in practical application in terms of its price and toxicity,while L-cysteine is relatively economical,less toxic and exhibited good photocatalytic degradation performance toward MB.     

Strong ozone production at a rural site in theNorth China Plain: Mixed effects of urban plumesand biogenic emissions

Regional ozone (O₃) pollution has drawn increasing attention in China over the recent decade, but the contributions from urban pollution and biogenic emissions have not been clearly elucidated. To better understand the formation of the regional O₃ problem in the North China Plain (NCP), intensive field measurements of O₃ and related parameters were conducted at a rural site downwind of Ji'nan, the capital city of Shandong province, in the summer of 2013. Markedly severe O₃ pollution was recorded, with the O₃ mixing ratios exceeding the Chinese national ambient air quality standard on 28?days (a frequency of 78%) and with a maximum hourly value of 198 ppbv. Extensive regional transport of well-processed urban plumes to the site was identified. An observation-constrained chemical box model was deployed to evaluate in situ photochemical O₃ production on two episodes. The results show that the in situ formation accounted for approximately 46% of the observed O₃ accumulation, while the remainder (~ 54%) was contributed by regional transport of the O₃-laden urban plumes. The in situ ozone production was in a mixed controlled regime that reducing either NOx or VOCs would lead to a reduction of ozone formation. Biogenic VOCs played an important role in the local ozone formation. This study demonstrates the significant mixed effects of both anthropogenic pollution from urban zones and biogenic emission in rural areas on the regional O₃ pollution in the NCP region, and may have general applicability in facilitating the understanding of the formation of secondary pollution over China.     

基于PCA-BP神经网络的多股铜导线 熔痕定量金相识别方法研究

为实现火灾现场中多股铜导线熔痕的自动识别,采用主成分分析(PCA)和反向传播(BP)神经网络算法对四种多股铜导线熔痕(一次短路熔痕、二次短路熔痕、过负荷熔痕和火烧熔痕)的金相组织进行了识别研究。利用Image-Pro Plus 6.0和Axio-Imaging软件获取每种熔痕30组17维金相组织参数数据,采用PCA对四种熔痕共120组数据降维,获得前6个主成分得分矩阵,建立具有6个输入层节点,10个隐层节点和4个输出节点的神经网络模式识别模型。随机抽取每种熔痕的20组样品的主成分得分矩阵作为训练集,将每种熔痕的剩余10组主成分得分为测试数据,输入最终训练完成的模型进行识别,其识别准确率达到92.5%。实验结果表明采用PCA+BP神经网络的算法,可以较好地实现多股铜导线熔痕识别,为火灾物证鉴定工作提供了有力的工具。     

多承载索货运索道计算方法及张力不平衡效应分析

通过分析多承载索货运索道工作索的空间位置关系,在弹性悬链线计算方法的基础上,建立包括索道结构守恒方程和力平衡方程的非线性方程组,形成多承载索货运索道系统整体耦合计算方法。针对四承载索货运索道的典型设计工况,应用该方法完成承载索长度不一致情况下,货运索道的承载索张力变化分析。研究结果表明:多承载索货运索道承载索间的张力不平衡受索长偏差影响极大,而且不平衡效应与索长变化工况（索长偏差变化量、变化索的位置等）和载荷重量密切相关,多索索长不一致造成的张力不平衡使得承载索破断风险急剧增加。     

亚青会期间南京大气PM_(2.5)中重金属来源及风险

为探究亚青会期间南京奥体中心附近大气PM2.5中重金属来源及潜在的健康风险,于2013年8月3~28日对PM2.5中重金属元素V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Sn、Sb和Pb进行了观测分析.结果表明:受亚青会污染源调控和气象要素影响,亚青会前、中、后不同时期重金属浓度存在差异,亚青会期间各重金属的浓度均值低于亚青会前期.富集因子分析显示Cu、Zn、Cd、Sn、Sb和Pb为重度富集元素,污染程度为CdCuZnPbSbSn.聚类分析表明工业排放、燃煤、道路尘和机动车尾气排放是这些重金属的主要来源.亚青会期间,PM2.5中各重金属通过呼吸途径对运动员造成的非致癌风险均小于1,5种致癌重金属的风险指数均低于致癌风险阈值范围.     

人工鱼群神经网络应用于城市污水处理厂进水量预测研究

城市污水处理厂进水量的预测精度对污水厂的安全运行与科学管理具有重要影响。将人工鱼群算法用于神经网络的训练过程,并根据污水厂进水量的变化特性,考虑其周期性及气温、天气和节假日等影响因素,建立人工鱼群神经网络的预测模型。将人工鱼群神经网络预测模型应用到实际中,研究结果表明人工鱼群神经网络具有预测精度高、误差小的优点,在污水管网监测预警及实现管网与水厂联动等方面具有一定的实际意义。     

黑龙江省垃圾填埋场地下水污染调查评价研究

为了解黑龙江地区垃圾填埋场地下水污染状况,更好的进行预防和治理,文章以黑龙江省齐齐哈尔市黎明垃圾填埋场为例,在实地考察与采样检测的基础上,采用污染指数法对污染情况做出了评价,得出以下结论:黎明垃圾填埋场各监测井均有不同程度的污染.对监测井LMA和LMD点进行特征因子检测,两点均有钡、碘化物和甲苯检出,LMA综合评价为轻污染,LMD综合评价为中污染;以1986年该地区G32监测井的水质情况为背景对各点位无机物进行地下水污染评价,LMB为中污染,其他点位为极重污染,主要的影响指标为高猛酸盐指数、总硬度和氨氮.     

Bioaccumulation characterization of uranium by a novel Streptomyces sporoverrucosus dwc-3

The biosorption mechanisms of uranium on an aerobic bacterial strain Streptomyces sporoverrucosus dwc-3, isolated from a potential disposal site for (ultra-)low uraniferous radioactive waste in Southwest China, were evaluated by using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE) and enhanced proton backscattering spectrometry (EPBS). Approximately 60% of total uranium at an initial concentration of 10 mg/L uranium nitrate solution could be absorbed on 100 mg S. sporoverrucosus dwc-3 with an adsorption capacity of more than 3.0 mg/g (wet weight) after 12 hr at room temperature at pH 3.0. The dynamic biosorption process of S. sporoverrucosus dwc-3 for uranyl ions was well described by a pseudo second-order model. S. sporoverrucosus dwc-3 could accumulate uranium on cell walls and within the cell, as revealed by SEM and TEM analysis as well as EDX spectra. XPS and FT-IR analysis further suggested that the absorbed uranium was bound to amino, phosphate and carboxyl groups of the cells. Additionally, PIXE and EPBS results confirmed that ion exchange also contributed to the adsorption process of uranium.     

Aqueous stability and mobility of C60 complexed by sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate surfactant

Surfactant complexation may have significant effects on the environmental behavior of nano-particles.In order to understand the ecological exposure of nano-materials,it is important to determine the stability and mobility of surfactant-complexed nano-materials in aqueous systems.In this study,the aggregation and transport of C_(60) complexed by the surfactant sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate(SDBS)were investigated.It was found that SDBS-complexed C-_(60) had aζ-potential of-49.5 m V under near-neutral p H conditions and remained stable during an aging period of 15 days.It had a critical coagulation concentration of 550 mmol/L for Na Cl,which was higher than common natural colloids and many kinds of raw nano-materials,and was comparable to those of many kinds of surface-modified nano-materials.SDBS enhanced the stability of C_(60) colloid;however,at the same time,it also enhanced the colloidal particle aggregation rate.Much higher mobility was found for SDBS-complexed C_(60) than C_(60) colloid.Increase in ionic strength,Ca~(2+) concentration or Al~(3+) concentration decreased the mobility.In general,SDBS-complexed C_(60) had high stability and mobility.