试论油田开发与干旱荒漠区生态功能划分的原则 ──以诺敏戈壁三塘湖油田生态功能区划为例

三塘湖油田生态环境保护指导思想为:"分区保护、分类防治、分级管理"。文章通过分析干旱荒漠区生态功能的划分,根据三塘湖油田开发区生态环境特征、生态系统服务功能、生态环境功能重要性与敏感性的空间分异规律,确定区域生态功能分区,为制定生态环境保护计划、维护区域生态安全、促进社会经济可持续发展提供科学依据。     

太湖五里湖沿岸带浮游植物群落生态特征(2014~2015年)

2014年7月~2015年6月对五里湖浮游植物开展了逐月调查,以研究综合治理后五里湖沿岸带浮游植物群落变化特征。本次调查共检出浮游植物8门196种,绿藻门物种最多(74种),硅藻门次之(57种)。优势种共6门30种,其中2014年7、8、9、10月和2015年6月的第一优势种均为蓝藻门的小颤藻,其优势度范围为0.567~0.879。时间上,浮游植物密度和生物量的月均值变幅分别为1.07×106~2.18×108 ind./L,0.32~50.52 mg/L,其中由于蓝藻的大量增殖,夏和秋初密度、生物量极显著高于其他月份;空间上,A区浮游植物密度和生物量显著低于其余3个湖区。Pearson相关性分析表明,藻类密度、生物量和物种数与水体浊度(Tur)、pH和水温(WT)呈显著或极显著相关关系;RDA分析表明,WT、DO和Tur是与浮游植物群落结构相关性较强的环境因子(p<0.01),其中相关性最强的为WT(r=0.8982)。依据浮游植物物种数和生物多样性指数对水质的分析表明：五里湖沿岸带水体处于中度富营养化水平。     

淀山湖河蚬翘嘴红鲌国家级水产种质资源保护区翘嘴鲌产卵场现状

为了对淀山湖河蚬翘嘴红鲌国家级水产种质资源保护区翘嘴鲌禁渔期、禁渔区域的设定及种质资源保护提供参考资料。2016年5~8月,对此湖鱼卵和仔稚鱼的时空分布特征即产卵场及其与环境因子的关系进行了研究。调查表明：共采集到鱼卵 4 463 粒,仔稚鱼 43 012 尾,分属6目9科19属21种,采集到的鱼卵、仔稚鱼中翘嘴鲌C.alburnus个体数分别占比为4.16%、 3.98%。产卵初始时间为6月13日,捕获截止日期为8月17日。翘嘴鲌密度的相对比例在7月中下旬及8月初出现峰值。调查期间,产卵水温均在25.9℃ 以上,其中产卵盛期水温在29.3~34.3℃。翘嘴鲌产卵易发生在暴雨初晴的夜晚,水位上涨的过程,当水位达 2 m,其他条件适宜情况下大量产卵。翘嘴鲌产卵密度与水温、水位关系密切（P<0.01）。根据早期资源结果、人工鱼巢收集到的鱼卵和捕获处于排卵期的翘嘴鲌亲鱼,推断出保护区1号(千灯浦桥)水域、2号(梅浜)水域和7号(南生浜)水域为翘嘴鲌的产卵场。     

三峡库区土壤重金属污染评价及其来源

三峡库区由于特殊的地理位置及生态脆弱性,其重金属污染状况备受关注。以三峡库区重庆段为研究区域,利用多目标调查数据,在分析土壤中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Hg、Pb和Zn等8种重金属积累特征的基础上,运用多元统计分析、污染指数法、潜在生态风险评估法以及层次分析法与加权平均评价模型法等方法进行了重金属来源分析和污染评价。研究结果表明: 三峡库区重庆段表层土壤中8种重金属的平均含量顺序为：Cr（8145 mg·kg-1）>Zn（716 mg·kg-1）>Ni（3154 mg·kg-1）>Pb（2527 mg·kg-1）>Cu（2353 mg·kg-1）>As（739 mg·kg-1）>Cd（021 mg·kg-1）>Hg（006 mg·kg-1）;多元统计分析表明Cd和Cr含量主要受到人为活动的影响,Ni、Zn和Cu含量则主要受到区域地质背景的影响,Hg、Pb和As则受到两者的共同影响。各综合评价方法结果趋于一致,均表明大部分样品（>849%）的重金属污染水平属于清洁或轻度污染水平,只有少数样品（<151%）达到中度或重度污染水平,这些样品主要采集于巫山、涪陵、忠县境内。综合分析,认为忠县和涪陵境内土壤出现中度或重度重金属污染主要受其工业生产的影响,巫山境内则主要受到其成土母质的影响。研究结果可为三峡库区土地可持续利用和生态发展提供基础数据与理论依据     

Characterization of electrode fouling during electrochemical oxidation of phenolic pollutant

• Electrode fouling is characterized by non-destructive characterization. • Electrode fouling is highly dependent on electrochemical process. • Active chlorine can prevent the formation of polymeric fouling film. Electrode fouling is a problem that commonly occurs during electro-oxidation water purification. This study focused on identifying the fouling behavior of Pt electrode associated with the formation of polymeric layer during electro-oxidation of phenol. The in situ electrochemical measurements and non-destructive observation of the electrode morphology were reported. The results demonstrated that the electrode fouling was highly dependent on thermodynamic process of electrode that was controlled by anode potential. At anode potential lower than 1.0 V vs SHE, the direct electro-oxidation caused the electrode fouling by the formation of polymeric film. The fouling layer decreased the electrochemically active surface area from 8.38 cm² to 1.57 cm², indicated by the formation of polymeric film with thickness of 2.3 mm, increase in mass growing at a rate of 3.26 μg/cm²/min. The degree to which the anode was fouled was independent of anion in the electrolyte. In comparison, at anode potential higher than 2.7 V vs SHE, the anions (e.g., chloride) could exert a major influence to the behavior of electrode fouling. The presence of chloride was shown to mitigate the fouling of electrode significantly through preventing the formation of polymeric film by active chlorine (e.g., Cl• and Cl₂) produced from anodic oxidation of chloride. Since chloride is the most abundant anionic species existing in both natural and engineered water system, this study not only offers a deep insight into the mechanism of electrode fouling, but also suggests strategies for anti-fouling in the presence of chloride in electro-oxidation process.     

雾霾的预防和控制措施研究

雾霾的形成,主要是城市静风、大气逆温层以及大气中细颗粒物污染的综合效应。控制和预防雾霾,应该加强机动车的监控、鼓励清洁能源汽车的研发、生产和销售。大力发展城市公共交通、建设城市公共自行车网络,严格建筑扬尘的管理和对重点大气污染源的治理,实行联防联控和区域联动机制,环保部门要全面开展雾霾监测,会同气象部门,结合气象参数等各方面资料,建立健全雾霾的预警预报体系,同时倡导全民低碳出行的生产、生活理念以及加强环保的宣传教育,提高全民环保意识。     

Irrigation quotas for high water use efficiency and economic water productivity of typical crops in Shiyang River Basin北大核心CSCD

Water consumption in agricultural activities is the main water use in inland oases in Northwest China. Research on water conservation in agriculture is of great significance to alleviate the conflict between the use of agricultural and ecological water and is of great importance to local farmers’ livelihoods. This study, based on traditional irrigation practices (flood irrigation and fixed irrigation frequency) of Minqin County in Shiyang River Basion, was designed to reveal the impacts of five irrigation quotas (1 800, 1 440, 1 080, 720, and 360 m3/hm2) on crop yield, biomass, irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE), and economic water productivity (EWP) to determine the optimal irrigation for five crops and guide local irrigation practices. The results showed that: (1) Under the five irrigation quotas, IWUE of corn, with the highest of 12.27 kg/m3, was higher than the other four crops; (2) The average EWP of cotton with a 2-year-average of 8.0 yuan/m3 was higher than the other four crops. Thus, the economic output of cotton is the best under the same irrigation quota; (3) Considering the yield, IWUE, EWP, and biomass, corn was better than the other four typical crops; and (4) 1 080 m3/hm2 was the optimal irrigation quota for sunflower in local planting practices. In addition, 720 m3/hm2 was suitable for corn, pepper, wheat, and cotton as their irrigation quota. This study shows that reducing the amount of irrigation quota in the Shiyang River Basin can effectively improve local IWUE and EWP. © 2022 Authors. All rights reserved.     

Design of nanofibre interlayer supported forward osmosis composite membranes and its evaluation in fouling study with cleaning

• A fine fibre (40–60 nm diameter) interlayer (~1 µm thickness) was electrospun. • Fine fibre interlayer promoted formation of defect-free dense polyamide layer. • FO membrane with dual-layer substrate had less organic fouling potential. • High reverse salt flux accelerated organic fouling on FO membrane. Nanofibre-supported forward osmosis (FO) membranes have gained popularity owing to their low structural parameters and high water flux. However, the nanofibrous membranes are less stable in long-term use, and their fouling behaviours with foulants in both feed solution (FS) and draw solution (DS) is less studied. This study developed a nanofibrous thin-film composite (TFC) FO membrane by designing a tiered dual-layer nanofibrous substrate to enhance membrane stability during long-term usage and cleaning. Various characterisation methods were used to study the effect of the electrospun nanofibre interlayer and drying time, which is the interval after removing the M-phenylenediamine (MPD) solution and before reacting with trimesoyl chloride (TMC) solution, on the intrinsic separation FO performance. The separation performance of the dual-layer nanofibrous FO membranes was examined using model foulants (sodium alginate and bovine serum albumin) in both the FS and DS. The dual-layer nanofibrous substrate was superior to the single-layer nanofibrous substrate and showed a flux of 30.2 L/m²/h (LMH) when using 1.5 mol/L NaCl against deionised (DI) water in the active layer facing draw solution (AL-DS) mode. In the fouling test, the water flux was effectively improved without sacrificing the water/solute selectivity under the condition that foulants existed in both the FS and DS. In addition, the dual-layer nanofibrous TFC FO membrane was more robust during the fouling test and cleaning.     

Can collaborative innovation constrain ecological footprint? Empirical evidence from Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area,China

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Collaborative innovation can promote scientific productivity and the development of clean technology and thus has a great potential in constraining...     

Impact of innovation in renewable energy generation,transmission, or distribution-related technologies on carbon dioxide emission in the USA

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Innovation in renewable energy generation, transmission, or distribution-related technologies (IREGT) is an effective way to deal with environmental...