Nutrient ratios and the complex structure of phytoplankton communities in a highly turbid estuary of Southeast Asia

Phytoplankton diversity and abundance in estuarine systems are controlled by many factors. Salinity, turbidity, and inorganic nutrient concentrations and their respective ratios have all been proposed as principal factors that structure phytoplankton diversity and influence the emergence of potentially toxic species. Although much work has been conducted on temperate estuaries, less is known about how phytoplankton diversity is controlled in tropical, monsoonal systems that are subject to large, seasonal shifts in hydrology and to rapidly changing land use. Here, we present the results of an investigation into the factors controlling phytoplankton species composition and distribution in a tropical, monsoonal estuary (Bach Dang estuary, North Vietnam). A total of 245 taxa, 89 genera from six algal divisions were observed. Bacillariophyceae were the most diverse group contributing to 51.4 % of the microalgal assemblage, followed by Dinophyceae (29.8 %), Chlorophyceae (10.2 %), Cyanophyceae (3.7 %), Euglenophyceae (3.7 %) and Dictyochophyceae (1.2 %). The phytoplankton community was structured by inorganic nutrient ratios (DSi:DIP and DIN:DIP) as well as by salinity and turbidity. Evidence of a decrease in phytoplankton diversity concomitant with an increase in abundance and dominance of certain species (e.g., Skeletonema costatum) and the appearance of some potentially toxic species over the last two decades was also found. These changes in phytoplankton diversity are probably due to a combination of land use change resulting in changes in nutrient ratios and concentrations and global change as both rainfall and temperature have increased over the last two decades. It is therefore probable in the future that phytoplankton diversity will continue to change, potentially favoring the emergence of toxic species in this system.     

Di-n-butyl phthalate degrading endophytic bacterium Bacillus amyloliquefaciens subsp. strain JR20 isolated from garlic chive and its colonization in a leafy vegetable

The bioconcentration and elimination of racemic benalaxyl (BX) in trout liver microsomes and in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were investigated to determine whether the fish can bioconcentrate and degrade this fungicide enantioselectively. Both enantiomers of BX were extracted with organic solvents and evaluated using high-performance liquid chromatography. In the microsomes, BX degradation followed first-order kinetics, and the S?(+) enantiomer of BX was eliminated twice as rapidly as the R?(?) enantiomer, resulting in residues enriched for R?(?)?BX. In vivo experiment, chiral analysis showed an obvious selective bioconcentration of BX based on statistically altered enantiomer fractions (EFs) in the fish compared with the values in the water. The R?(?)?BX was initially preferentially bioconcentrated by rainbow trout and then dissipated more slowly than its antipode. The mean half-lives for individual enantiomers were calculated as 31.6 h for R?(?)?BX and 20.3 h for the S?(+)?form. The results of the study showed that the degradation of BX enantiomers was stereoselective in rainbow trout.     

Removal of SO2 and NOX from Stack Gas by Reaction with Calcium Hydroxide Solids

Previous workers have shown that simultaneous SO₂/NO_X removal can be obtained in a dry scrubbing system with Ca(OH)₂ promoted by an additive such as NaOH, and that fly ash and product recycle improve the reactivity of the solids toward SO₂. To test SO₂/NO_X removal with fly ash and product recycle, bench-scale experiments with a packed bed reactor were performed at bag filter conditions. The most reactive solid for NO_X removal was prepared by slurrying Ca(OH)₂ with fly ash, CaSO₃, and NaOH. The best conditions for NO_X removal were the greatest temperature (125°C) and greatest concentrations of SO₂ (1500 ppm) and O₂ (20 percent). At the best conditions, NO_X removed in 1 hour was 3-4 moles per 100 moles Ca(OH)₂, compared to 5-10 moles SO₂ removed per 100 moles Ca(OH)₂. The best SO₂ removal was obtained at the highest relative humidities/lowest temperatures (55% RH/ 65°C) with solids prepared by slurrying Ca(OH)₂ with fly ash and NaOH. At these conditions, SO₂ removed In 1 hour was 60-80 moles per 100 moles Ca(OH)₂, compared to 0.5 to 1 moles NO_X removed per 100 moles Ca(OH)₂.     

长江口崇明东滩海三棱藨草对沉积物有机碳库的贡献研究

湿地植被通过光合作用、埋藏分解等方式将有机碳输送至沉积物中,为了探究植被对于湿地沉积物有机碳库的贡献率,本文使用埋管与长石粉样方两种手段,以崇明东滩为例,定量估算了海三棱藨草植被对潮滩沉积物有机碳库的贡献率.埋管研究显示,不同温度下死亡植被分解输入和沉积物呼吸降解过程的差异是造成沉积物中冬夏两季有机碳含量差异明显的主要原因.冬末时节埋管沉积物有机碳平均含量为5.72mg·g-1,碳库呈"积累"状态;夏季含量减少为4.89 mg·g-1,碳库呈"亏损"状态.海三棱藨草死亡、倒伏和掩埋,使得沉积物有机碳含量剖面出现显著分层,埋管样品中分层间隔为10 cm左右,与长石粉样方测研究区域当年沉积速率相对应(11.6 cm·a-1:2012年8月28日—2013年9月2日).沉积物有机碳含量与δ13C值的显著负相关性(p0.01)表明,植被输入有机碳的累积和降解是沉积物碳库动态变化的主要因素.忽略有机质降解中碳的分馏作用下,根据碳同位素质量平衡混合模型,计算得出春夏季植被有机碳净输入为0.65 mg·g-1,约占沉积物有机碳库含量的7.35%,秋冬季节植被有机碳净输入为2.06 mg·g-1,约为占有机碳库含量的31.20%.     

固态碳源去除地下水硝酸盐的模拟实验

选取了5种研究较少的固体材料,棉花、丝瓜络、甘蔗渣、可降解餐盒、木屑作为去除地下水硝酸盐的外加碳源。在锥形瓶中进行反硝化对比实验,研究了不同固态碳源下NO3--N、NO2--N、NH4+-N及pH的变化情况,分析了NO3--N及总氮的去除率。研究结果表明,反硝化过程中pH呈升高趋势,在6.9～8.5范围内浮动。可降解餐盒和丝瓜络相对于其他的固态碳源来说,对NO3--N和总氮有较高的去除率,但丝瓜络的总氮去除率明显低于可降解餐盒。可降解餐盒的硝酸盐去除率达到98.28%,总氮去除率达到93.48%。可降解餐盒能够有效地去除地下水硝酸盐,达到以废治废的效果,是经济有效的最佳固态碳源。     

稀土元素镧对红壤微生物区系的影响

通过纯培养试验、室内培养试验和水稻盆栽试验研究了稀土元素镧对红壤微生物区系的影响 .结果表明 :镧对纯培养细菌、放线菌、真菌均有较强的毒害作用 .对镧的敏感性顺序为 :放线菌 >细菌 >真菌 .在低浓度下 ,镧对土壤细菌、放线菌、真菌的作用不明显 ,在高浓度下 ,表现为抑制作用 .在低浓度下 ,镧对土壤硝化细菌有强烈的刺激作用 ,最大刺激率达到 70 % ,随着浓度的升高则产生抑制作用并不断增强 .镧对土壤反硝化细菌作用不明显 .在低浓度下 ,镧对土壤自生固氮菌有某些刺激作用 ,随着浓度的升高 ,则产生显著的抑制作用 .土壤硝化细菌可以作为稀土对作物增产效应的指示菌 ,硝化细菌和自生固氮菌可以作为稀土污染土壤生态环境的指示菌 .外源稀土对红壤微生物区系产生抑制作用的临界浓度在 150 mg/ kg左右 .     

Policy-making coordination of municipal solid waste policies in China: a content analysis

Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - Massive urbanization and rapid development of urban economy have increased the generation of municipal solid waste in China. Like all developing...     

Selection of product categories for a national eco-labelling scheme in developing countries: a case study of Vietnamese manufacturing sub-sectors

Although the selection of product categories is a deciding factor for the success of eco-labelling schemes, there are no consistent methods for determining selection factors and how to prioritise product categories for developing countries (DgCs). This paper attempts to identify appropriate factors for product category selection and formulate a prioritisation method applicable to DgCs. We first examined the selection factors currently utilised in schemes worldwide by conducting a questionnaire survey of representatives of foreign schemes. Selection factors were illustrated on a plot graph, which indicated the percentage of factors implemented in the schemes of DgCs and developed countries (DGs), and their plausibility assessed when utilised in the schemes of DgCs. In this way, we proposed three groups of factors: an exclusion factor, five core factors and seven operational factors. Then, under the conditions of DgCs, such as socioeconomic issues and availability of data, we used and modified some judging guidelines of the European Ecolabel (the EU Flower), e.g. determining the environmental impacts and potential of environmental improvements, in the scoring method to prioritise product categories by weighting factors. In light of our findings, we utilised the proposed factors and modified the scoring method to prioritise the screened primary list of product categories of Vietnamese manufacturing sub-sectors. By scoring factor-based questions and prioritising in three ways, i.e. following the scoring method of the EU Flower programme, totalling all values with equal weighting, and totalling all values but by doubling the weighting of core factors compared with operational factors, we observed that the weighted prioritisation differentiates priority product categories more clearly than the other methods. We propose the two highest potential candidates for eco-labelling in Vietnam, namely textile/garment and fishery products.     

Subtropical urban turfs: Carbon and nitrogen pools and the role of enzyme activity

Urban grasslands not only provide a recreational venue for urban residents, but also sequester organic carbon in vegetation and soils through photosynthesis, and release carbon dioxide through respiration, which largely contribute to carbon storage and fluxes at regional and global scales. We investigated organic carbon and nitrogen pools in subtropical turfs and found that dissolved organic carbon(DOC) and dissolved organic nitrogen(DON)were regulated by several factors including microbial activity which is indicated by soil enzymatic activity. We observed a vertical variation and different temporal patterns in both soil DOC, DON and enzyme activities, which decreased significantly with increasing soil depths. We further found that concentration of soil DON was linked with turf age. There were correlations between grass biomass and soil properties, and soil enzyme activities. In particular, soil bulk density was significantly correlated with soil moisture and soil organic carbon(SOC). In addition, DOC correlated significantly with DON. Significant negative correlations were also observed between soil total dissolved nitrogen(TDN) and grass biomass of Axonopus compressus and Zoysia matrella. Specifically, grass biomass was significantly correlated with the soil activity of urease and β-glucosidase. Soil NO3-N concentration also showed negative correlations with the activity of both β-glucosidase and protease but there were no significant correlations between cellulase and soil properties or grass biomass. Our study demonstrated a relationship between soil C and N dynamics and soil enzymes that could be modulated to enhance SOC pools through management and maintenance practices.     

应用射流洗砂装置保护油区环境

为保护环境,将联合站大罐及分水器等清出的油砂进行处理是十分必要的.介绍了射流洗砂装置的组成、工作原理及应用情况.该装置的应用,对油砂中的污油回收及环境保护具有十分重要的意义.