磺酰脲类除草剂的微生物降解研究进展

磺酰脲类除草剂属于高效、低毒、高选择性的新型除草剂,被广泛应用于水稻、玉米、小麦、大豆等田间杂草的防控,其用量也呈逐年增加的趋势,但其微量的除草剂残留易对后茬敏感作物产生药害.利用微生物降解土壤中的除草剂残留有望成为一种修复污染的有效方法.本文综述了近几年国内外筛选出的能够降解磺酰脲类除草剂菌株的来源和所属微生物类群,以及除草剂降解酶的研究进展,此外,对相关微生物对不同除草剂的降解途径也进行了简要介绍,最后提出了目前有待解决的问题并对未来该领域的研究趋势进行了展望,可为后续寻找高效的微生物降解菌种及利用基因工程法修复受污染的土壤、水源提供参考.     

全氟辛烷磺酸盐(PFOS)对半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)免疫相关基因表达的影响

为了解全氟辛烷磺酸盐(perfluorooctane sulfonate, PFOS)暴露对半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)免疫功能的影响,在实验室条件下,运用RT-PCR方法分析了PFOS暴露对半滑舌鳎热休克蛋白hsp70、hsp90、C型凝集素(c-type lectin)和细胞色素c氧化酶(cytochrome c oxidase, cox)等4种免疫相关基因表达水平的影响。实验测定了上述4种基因在半滑舌鳎肝、鳃、肠及肌肉4种不同组织中随时间(0、24 h、48 h、96 h和7 d)的表达变化情况。结果表明,在4种组织中,hsp70基因的表达与对照相比为上调,其中,肝组织hsp70基因的表达量显著高于其他各组织,且表达高峰值的出现也早于其他各组织;hsp90基因在肝和鳃组织中表达量随时间不同而波动,在肠组织中表达上调,在肌肉中表达显著下调;c-type lectin基因表达量与对照组相比表达显著下调或无明显差异;cox基因在肝组织和肠组织中表达下调,在鳃和肌肉中表达上调。上述研究结果表明,PFOS能引起免疫相关基因的表达变化,对半滑舌鳎具有潜在的免疫毒性。肝组织中各免疫基因对PFOS胁迫的响应高于其他组织。本研究可为阐明全氟辛烷磺酸盐对半滑舌鳎的免疫毒性提供基础数据。     

均相Fenton氧化-混凝法强化处理印染废水

采用均相Fenton氧化—混凝法对印染废水进行了强化处理。结果表明,该法特别适用于处理同时含有亲水性和疏水性染料的印染废水,处理过程充分发挥了均相Fenton氧化和混凝的协同作用,对废水中的水溶性有机物、胶粒和疏水性污染物均有较好的去除效果。在印染废水初始pH4.0左右,H2O2、FeSO4·7H2O和絮凝剂聚硅酸氯化铝(PASC)的加入量分别为3.6,1.8,8mL时,处理后废水的色度降到35,COD降到103mg/L,去除率分别高达95%和94.3%,脱色效果显著。     

哈尔滨松北区城市湿地土壤抗侵蚀效益价值估算

城市湿地是城市生态系统的重要组成部分,在土壤抗侵蚀方面起重要作用.以哈尔滨松北区城市湿地为研究对象,在哈尔滨松北区湿地的西区、中区及东区沿线共布设采样点3个.哈尔滨松北区城市湿地土壤抗侵蚀效益价值通过湿地减少土地废弃、河道淤积和土壤中肥力流失三方面的价值来估算.结果表明:哈尔滨市松北区城市湿地保护土壤、减少土壤侵蚀的总效益价值为1.900×107元/a;湿地土壤在抗侵蚀效益中的贡献率占总效益的1/5,其效益价值为3.800×106元/a.      

沉积物中六氯苯在均匀电动力学作用下的迁移

分析了六氯苯在沉积物中吸附特性,研究了影响沉积物中六氯苯在均匀电动力学作用下的迁移.结果表明,均匀电动力学过程能有效地促进沉积物中HCB的解吸和迁移,其作用效果与反应时间、沉积物初始pH值、电极电压和电解质投加量等密切相关.     

Evaluation of photolysis and hydrolysis of pyraclostrobin in aqueous solutions and its degradation products in paddy water

This study evaluated the hydrolysis and photolysis kinetics of pyraclostrobin in an aqueous solution using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–photodiode array detection and identified the resulting metabolites of pyraclostrobin by hydrolysis and photolysis in paddy water using high-resolution mass spectrometry coupled with liquid chromatography. The effect of solution pH, metal ions and surfactants on the hydrolysis of pyraclostrobin was explored. The hydrolysis half-lives of pyraclostrobin were 23.1–115.5?days and were stable in buffer solution at pH 5.0. The degradation rate of pyraclostrobin in an aqueous solution under sunlight was slower than that under UV photolysis reaction. The half-lives of pyraclostrobin in a buffer solution at pH 5.0, 7.0, 9.0 and in paddy water were less than 12?h under the two light irradiation types. The metabolites of the two processes were identified and compared to further understand the mechanisms underlying hydrolysis and photolysis of pyraclostrobin in natural water. The extracted ions obtained from paddy water were automatically annotated by Compound Discoverer software with manual confirmation of their fragments. Two metabolites were detected and identified in the pyraclostrobin hydrolysis, whereas three metabolites were detected and identified in the photolysis in paddy water.     

Determination of the residue dynamics and dietary risk of thiamethoxam and its metabolite clothianidin in citrus and soil by LC-MS/MS

A modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe (QuEChERS) method was developed for the determination of thiamethoxam and its metabolite clothianidin in citrus (including the whole citrus, peel and pulp) and soil samples by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The sample was extracted with acetonitrile and purified with octadecylsilane. The detection limits of both compounds were 0.0001–0.0002?mg kg^–1, while the limit of quantification of thiamethoxam was 0.002?mg kg^–1 and the limit of quantitation of metabolites was 0.001?mg kg^–1. The recovery was 70.37%–109.76%, with inter-day relative standard deviations (RSD) (n?=?15) values ≤9.46% for the two compounds in the four matrices. The degradation curve of thiamethoxam in whole citrus and soil was plotted using the first-order kinetic model. The half-life of the whole citrus was 1.9–6.2?days, and the half-life of the soil was 3.9–4.2?days. The terminal residue of thiamethoxam (the sum of thiamethoxam and clothianidin, expressed as thiamethoxam) was found to be concentrated on the peel. The final residual amount of thiamethoxam in the edible portion (pulp) was less than 0.061?mg kg^–1. The risk quotient values were all below 1, indicating that thiamethoxam as a citrus insecticide does not pose a health risk to humans at the recommended dosage.     

城市污泥模拟堆肥过程中高温菌群的筛选、鉴定及降解效果

在城市污泥模拟堆肥过程的高温期通过平板培养法筛选出一组强化菌群.该组菌群不但可以分解污泥有机质,还可以分解淀粉、蛋白质、油脂、纤维素等大分子有机物.经鉴定,筛选出的菌种分别为地衣芽孢杆菌(B.licheniformis)、短小芽孢杆菌(B.pumilus)、高温放线菌(Thermoactinomyces)、凝结芽孢杆菌(B.coagulans)、枯草芽孢杆菌(B.subtilis);将菌株两两接种到平板,发现各菌株间可以共存.将上述菌种混合后添加到堆肥样品中,其有机质去除率、脱氢酶增加率、比耗氧速率SOUR增加率均高出不加菌样品40%以上,表明该组菌群具有使堆肥腐熟进程加快的应用潜力.     

三峡库区水环境多环芳烃和邻苯二甲酸酯类有机污染物健康风险评价

为研究三峡库区水环境中持久性有机污染物(POPs)对人体健康产生的潜在危害风险,在介绍健康风险评价方法的基础上,建立了水环境健康风险评价模型,根据三峡库区水质监测资料对水源水主要持久性有机物多环芳烃和邻苯二甲酸酯类污染进行健康风险评价. 结果表明,在所评价断面中,长江和嘉陵江汇合的寸滩断面污染较严重,健康危害的风险相对较大. 水源水6种持久性有机污染物由饮水途径所致健康危害的个人年风险为2.79×10-10～4.44×10-13 a-1,按年风险大小依次为DEHP＞DBP＞Pyr＞NA＞FLA＞DEP;有机污染物对健康危害的年总风险仅为3.70×10-10 a-1,远低于国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)推荐的最大可接受值(5.0×10-5 a-1). 三峡库区水体中6种POPs污染所致的健康危害年风险度目前还处于很低水平,但应引起管理部门的重视.