前车之鉴--访美国环保协会首席经济学家杜丹德先生

上世纪六七十年代,美国发生过不少环境重大事故,有的造成了较大的人员伤亡,有的还是发生在国外。但如今,美国在应对环境危机的各个方面,如立法、机构、人员培训、行政程序、信息披露等方面都走在了世界的前面。那么,过去的几十年,美国又是走过了一条什么样的路程？他们遇到了怎样的困境？社会对此又有什么反应？近日,我刊对美国环保协会中国项目首席经济学家杜丹德（Daniel J．Dudek）博士进行了采访。[编者按]     

应对环境突发事故亟需日常风险管理--访清华大学公共管理学院、21世纪发展研究院常务副院长薛澜教授

一直以来,中国人就不太习惯或不敢用危机这样的词汇来讨论国家面临的种种挑战。其实即便从哲学角度来看,危机也未必完全是坏事,危机往往是生机、转机的开始,危机实际上起到了社会“安全阀”的作用,所谓“祸兮福之所倚,福兮祸之所伏”就是这个道理。 过去的20多年里,中国创造了一个经济持续高速发展的繁荣时期,但与此同时,各种社会问题也不断显现出来。此外,按照一般规律,当一个国家的经济发展到人均GDP达500美元至3000美元时。往往对应着人口、资源、环境、效率与公平等社会矛盾较为严重的瓶颈时期,此时比较容易造成社会失序、经济失调、贫富悬殊、心理失衡等问题,形成一些社会不稳定因素。目前,中国正处于经济转轨、社会转型的关键时期,同时也是危机事件的多发期。 古人说：“安而不忘危,治而不忘乱,存而不忘亡”,这也是中国历史上“治国安邦”的重要经验。因此,在中国社会上下努力、转变政府职能,彻底改变旧的行政管理体制和思维模式的情形下,借鉴其他国家的危机管理体系的实践经验,我们就能将环境突发事件防患于未然,并逐步形成环境危机管理的初步机制。[编者按]     

国际爱护动物基金会

国际爱护动物基金会（Internatlonal Fund for Animal Welfare,简称IFAW）创立于1 969年,是全球最大的动物福利组织之一,总部位于美国的马萨诸塞州.     

Multivariate characterization of elements accumulated in Wolfiporia extensa mushroom from Yunnan province of China

ABSTRACT

Dried sclerotia of Wolfiporia extensa have been used as medicine in Asia from Eastern Han Dynasty, and also used as traditional snack called “fulingjiabing” in Beijing, China. In this paper, 18 macro and trace elements (Ag, As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Ni, Pb, Rb, Se, Sr, V, and Zn) in both flesh and peel of Wolfiporia extensa from seven sites of Yunnan province in China were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. The average recovery rates of certified reference materials for GBW10015 (spinach leaves) ranged from 90.5 to 113%, for GBW10028 (citrus leaves) from 92.8 to 106%, and for GBW07603 (bush branch and leaves) from 83.3 to 114.6%. Generally speaking, the concentration of all elements determined was at common level. The results of this survey indicate that mineral compositions in peel were higher than in flesh. In peel, the contents of investigated trace metals in mushroom samples were found to be in the range of 1,660–13,400 µg·g^?1 dry matter (dm) for Fe and 29.6–710 µg·g^?1 dm for Mn. The mean contents of Cr, Cu, Rb, V, and Zn in peel were between 10 and 20 µg·g^?1 dm, followed by As, Co, Li, Ni, Pb, Se, and Sr with mean contents between 1 and 10 µg·g^?1 dm, while Ag, Cd, and Cs had mean contents of <1 µg·g^?1 dm. In flesh, the concentration of Fe was in the range of 54–900 µg·g^?1 dm, and it was 1.5–49 µg·g^?1 dm for Mn, followed by Ba, Cu, Rb, and Zn in the range of 1 to 10 µg·g^?1 dm, while for Ag, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cs, Li, Ni, Pb, Se, Sr, and V it was <1 µg·g^?1 dm. The concentration of toxic elements, such as As, Cd, and Pb, in both flesh and peel was below the permissible limits of World Health Organization. However, As and Pb contents in peel were higher than the limits permitted in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. The results of principal component analysis showed that the flesh of Wolfiporia extensa from all the seven sites of the Yunnan province tend to cluster together, most probably because the origin of mineral elements in both flesh and peel is wood substrate (old and dead pine trees).     

Fuzzy programming method for multi-objective optimal allocation of sediment resources and the cooperative bargaining: a case study in Weishan irrigation area,China

The optimal allocation of sediment resources needs to balance three objectives including ecological, economic, and social benefits so as to realize sustainable development of sediment resources. This study aims to apply fuzzy programming and bargaining approaches to solve the problem of optimal allocation of sediment resources. Firstly, Pareto-optimal solutions of multi-objective optimization were introduced, and the multi-objective optimal allocation model of sediment resources and fuzzy programming model was constructed. Then, from the perspective of multiplayer cooperation, the optimal allocation model of sediment resources was transformed into a game model by using Nash bargaining, and Nash bargaining solution was obtained as the optimal equilibrium strategy. Finally, the influence of different disagreement utility points and bargaining weights on the results was discussed, and the results of Nash bargaining and fuzzy programming methods were compared and analyzed. Results corroborate that Nash bargaining can achieve the cooperative optimization of multiple objectives with competitive relationship and obtain satisfactory scheme. Disagreement utility points and bargaining weights have a certain impact on the optimization results. The solution of fuzzy programming is close to that of Nash bargaining, which provides different ideas for multi-objective optimization problem.

     

Evaluation of combined developmental neurological toxicity of di (n-butyl) phthalates and lead using immature mice

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - In this study, the immature mice were taken to assess the potential neurological toxicity of lead (Pb) and di (n-butyl) phthalates (DBP) combination...     

Study on phosphorus loadings in ten natural and agricultural watersheds in subtropical region of China

Water eutrophication in subtropical regions of southern China threatens watershed health and is of major concern. However, annual phosphorus (P) loading and its dominant causes are still unclear, especially at the watershed scale. In this study, we investigated dynamic P loadings and associated factors (e.g., land use, livestock production, and runoff depth) in ten watersheds that varied in area from 9 to 5,212 ha in a hilly area of Hunan Province, China. A flowmeter was installed at the outlet of each watershed, and total P (TP) and soluble P (SP) concentrations were monitored periodically from June 2010 to October 2012. The results showed that annual P loadings (APLs) in the ten watersheds ranged from 22.8 to 247.8 kg P/km² and that P loss primarily occurred from April to June of each year during the main rainfall season in the study area. In addition, the average eutrophication (>0.05 mg P/L) ratio for stream waters was 86.7 % during the study period, which was indicative of a potentially serious condition for the local water environments. Annual P loadings were linearly related to livestock density (LD; R?=?0.92, p?<?0.01), whereas the eutrophication ratio of stream water was significantly (p?<?0.05) correlated with LD (R?=?0.61), percentage cropland (R?=?0.71), and percentage forest cover (R?=??0.68). Thus, it is concluded that the control of livestock production has the greatest potential for reducing P loadings in watersheds in this subtropical area. This will be beneficial to the amelioration and protection of local environment.     

Effects of payments for ecosystem services on wildlife habitat recovery

Conflicts between local people's livelihoods and conservation have led to many unsuccessful conservation efforts and have stimulated debates on policies that might simultaneously promote sustainable management of protected areas and improve the living conditions of local people. Many government‐sponsored payments‐for‐ecosystem‐services (PES) schemes have been implemented around the world. However, few empirical assessments of their effectiveness have been conducted, and even fewer assessments have directly measured their effects on ecosystem services. We conducted an empirical and spatially explicit assessment of the conservation effectiveness of one of the world's largest PES programs through the use of a long‐term empirical data set, a satellite‐based habitat model, and spatial autoregressive analyses on direct measures of change in an ecosystem service (i.e., the provision of wildlife species habitat). Giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) habitat improved in Wolong Nature Reserve of China after the implementation of the Natural Forest Conservation Program. The improvement was more pronounced in areas monitored by local residents than those monitored by the local government, but only when a higher payment was provided. Our results suggest that the effectiveness of a PES program depends on who receives the payment and on whether the payment provides sufficient incentives. As engagement of local residents has not been incorporated in many conservation strategies elsewhere in China or around the world, our results also suggest that using an incentive‐based strategy as a complement to command‐and‐control, community‐ and norm‐based strategies may help achieve greater conservation effectiveness and provide a potential solution for the park versus people conflict.     

广州市环境监测管理信息化建设中若干问题探讨

以广州市环境监测中心站推进信息化的实践为例，重点对环境监测管理信息化规划、开发和应用3个环节所涉及的信息化进程路线、应用系统开发的需求分析和推广应用等问题进行了一些探讨，提出切合自身的解决思路或办法。