爬行动物应用于毒理学研究的现状

在系统介绍了爬行动物作为受试生物在毒理学研究中的应用现状基础上,总结了不同污染物对常见爬行动物个体和器官水平的毒害作用,重点综述了蜥蜴和龟毒理学研究进展.同时,论述了研究爬行动物毒理学的重要性,提出适合不同毒理学实验使用的爬行动物物种,并指出了爬行动物毒理学今后研究的重点及面临的难题.     

RBCA、CLEA及CalTOX模型在苯并[a]芘污染场地健康风险评估中的应用比较

为探讨不同模型对污染场地健康风险评估结果的影响,以苯并[a]芘为例,采用RBCA、CLEA和CalTOX模型对某工业污染场地表层土壤进行健康风险评估,分析了评估结果的差异和原因,同时对模型的主要暴露参数进行了敏感性分析,并推导出基于风险概率分布的土壤修复限值.结果表明,RBCA、CLEA和CalTOX模型计算的苯并[a]芘致癌总风险分别为2.40×10-4、632×10-4和7.04×10-6,且经口摄入和皮肤接触2个途径对人体健康造成的危害最大.降解作用是影响CalTOX模型风险评估结果不同于RBCA和CLEA模型的重要因素,3个模型间参数取值及方法学的差异也会导致风险评估结果不同.各模型暴     

Degradation of pyrene by immobilized microorganisms in saline-alkaline soil

Biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is very difficult in saline-alkaline soil due to the inhibition of microbial growth under saline-alkaline stress. The microorganisms that can most effectively degrade PAHs were screened by introducing microorganisms immobilized on farm byproducts and assessing the validity of the immobilizing technique for PAHs degradation in pyrene-contaminated saline-alkaline soil. Among the microorganisms examined, it was found that Mycobacterium sp. B2 is the best, and can degrade 82.2% and 83.2% of pyrene for free and immobilized cells after 30 days of incubation. The immobilization technique could increase the degradation of pyrene significantly, especially for fungi. The degradation of pyrene by the immobilized microorganisms Mucor sp. F2, fungal consortium MF and co-cultures of MB+MF was increased by 161.7% (P < 0.05), 60.1% (P < 0.05) and 59.6% (P < 0.05) after 30 days, respectively, when compared with free F2, MF and MB+MF. Scanning electron micrographs of the immobilized microstructure proved the positive effects of the immobilized microbial technique on pyrene remediation in saline-alkaline soil, as the interspace of the carrier material structure was relatively large, providing enough space for cell growth. Co-cultures of different bacterial and fungal species showed different abilities to degrade PAHs. The present study suggests that Mycobacterium sp. B2 can be employed for in situ bioremediation of PAHs in saline-alkaline soil, and immobilization of fungi on farm byproducts and nutrients as carriers will enhance fungus PAH-degradation ability in saline-alkaline soil.     

飞机喷洒农药的损失分析

通过田间试验，对装配ＧＰ－８１扁扇型喷头的运５飞机在水稻和棉花上喷洒农药中的药液损失进行了分析，同时讨论了２，４－Ｄ丁酯对敏感作物的影响。结果表明，一元三次方程Ｙ＝ｂ０＋ｂ１ｘ２＋ｂ２ｘ＾２＋ｂ３ｘ＾３能很好地描述药液飘移与下风距离的关系，方程中的参数具有明确的实验意义；２，４－Ｄ丁酰对７００ｍ下风距离内的向日葵类高敏感植物有明显药害，对３５０ｍ范围内的大豆等中等敏感植物也有药害；药液由于飘移和蒸     

基于ANSYS的界面化核电站取水构筑物配筋程序开发

在实际工程应用中,对于结构复杂安全等级高的核电水工结构,相关的通用设计软件尚未形成。利用ANSYS二次开发工具APDL、UIDL以及Tcl/Tk可视化工具命令语言,针对核电站取水构筑物开发了一整套程序,包括了建模、计算以及后处理,后处理部分为内力计算和配筋可视化程序,简化了操作流程。算例表明,内力提取程序运算结果精度良好,可以用于配筋设计,利用配筋可视化程序对工程实例进行的配筋及裂缝验算,结果符合工程要求,针对配筋结果提出了墙体优化设计的建议。通过在ANSYS中实现内力计算和可视化配筋程序,可用于解决核电水工结构设计问题,有良好的工程适用性。     

拟除虫菊酯类农药中间体在鱼体肌肉中的积累和释放行为的研究

本文研究了8种与拟除虫菊酯合成有关的化合物在金鱼和鲤鱼肌肉中的积累和释放行为.实验结果表明,不同鱼种积累同一化合物的程度不同,其差别随着分配系数的增加而显著增加.平衡时的生物富集因子的对数log(BCF)值与分配系数的对数log P值之间有较好的线性关系,其相关方程式为log(BCF)=1.062 logP-1.558(n=8,r=0.975).化合物从鱼体释放到水中的速度符合一级反应动力学公式.释放半衰期的对数log t_(1/2)值亦与log P值相关.其相关方程式为log t_(1/2)=0.784 log P-1.571(n=8,r=0.945).本文结果有助于预测该类有机污染物对环境的影响.     

Advanced treatment of wet-spun acrylic fiber manufacturing wastewater using three-dimensional electrochemical oxidation

A three-dimensional electrochemical oxidation(3D-EC) reactor with introduction of activated carbon(AC) as particle micro-electrodes was applied for the advanced treatment of secondary wastewater effluent of a wet-spun acrylic fiber manufacturing plant. Under the optimized conditions(current density of 500 A/m~2, circulation rate of 5 mL/min, AC dosage of 50 g, and chloride concentration of 1.0 g/L), the average removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand(COD_(cr)), NH3–N, total organic carbon(TOC), and ultraviolet absorption at 254 nm(UV_(254)) of the 3D-EC reactor were 64.5%, 60.8%, 46.4%, and 64.8%, respectively; while the corresponding effluent concentrations of COD_(cr), NH_3–N, TOC, and UV_(254) were 76.6, 20.1, and42.5 mg/L, and 0.08 Abs/cm, respectively. The effluent concentration of COD_(cr) was less than 100 mg/L, which showed that the treated wastewater satisfied the demand of the integrated wastewater discharge standard(GB 8978-1996). The 3D-EC process remarkably improved the treatment efficiencies with synergistic effects for COD_(cr), NH_3–N, TOC, and UV_(254) during the stable stage of 44.5%, 38.8%, 27.2%, and 10.9%, respectively, as compared with the sum of the efficiencies of a two-dimensional electrochemical oxidation(2D-EC) reactor and an AC adsorption process, which was ascribed to the numerous micro-electrodes of AC in the 3D-EC reactor. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry(GC–MS) analysis revealed that electrochemical treatment did not generate more toxic organics, and it was proved that the increase in acute biotoxicity was caused primarily by the production of free chlorine.     

聚(丙烯酸-co-丙烯酰胺)/膨润土/腐植酸钠三维网络凝胶吸附剂对Cd2+吸附性能研究

制备了一种聚(丙烯酸-co-丙烯酰胺)/膨润土/腐植酸钠三维网络凝胶吸附剂,重点考察了吸附剂对Cd2+吸附的pH依赖性、吸附动力学和吸附等温线.结果表明,Cd2+溶液pH值对吸附容量有较大影响.在pH=8、吸附时间30 min、Cd2+溶液初始浓度0.02 mol/L和吸附剂用量0.10 g的条件下,吸附剂对Cd2+的饱和吸附量可达294.7 mg/g.与膨润土相比,三维网络凝胶吸附剂具有更高的吸附容量和更快的吸附速率.     

一种分离纯化降解性质粒DNA的简便方法

控制微生物对某些环境污染物降解的质粒——降解性质粒,分子量较大,难于和染色体DNA分离。超螺旋质粒DNA在热变性后冷却即快速复性方面与染色体DNA不同。根据此性质,作者改进了McMaster的和Kado的方法,获得了良好效果。实验证明。经此法纯化的质粒具有转化活性,是研究化学污染物的降解性质粒的简便方法。     

SBR处理模拟氯苯废水

在SBR中利用光合细菌球形红细菌污泥颗粒进行模拟氯苯废水处理的初步研究,结果表明,采用球形红细菌污泥颗粒处理模拟氯苯废水的SBR系统是可行的,其降解氯苯过程符合Monod一级反应动力学方程。当进水氯苯浓度在125～187.5 mg/L变化时,处理效率都能稳定在90.5%～95.6%之间;其最佳工艺条件为反应时间6 h、DO 4.75～5.0 mg/L、沉淀时间1.5 h、污泥颗粒浓度4 000～6 000 mg/L。在污泥颗粒浓度4 000 mg/L、DO 5.0 mg/L、反应时间6 h的最佳条件下,当进水COD为748.1 mg/L、氯苯浓度100 mg/L时,COD的去除率达90.9%,处理后出水COD满足国家一级排放标准要求。