青岛市开展重金属废水自动监测工作探索

简述了青岛市开展重金属自动监测的要求与现状,分析了开展重金属自动监测的优势与存在问题,在介绍青岛市相关工作对策和措施的同时,对重金属废水自动监测系统建设、设备选型、监控平台建设、运行维护管理等提出建议。     

环境监测用5种氯代烯烃混合气体标准样品研制

介绍了1μmol/mol氮气中5种氯代烯气体标准样品的研制方法。这5种氯代烯包括氯乙烯、1,1-二氯乙烯、顺1,2-二氯乙烯、三氯乙烯、四氯乙烯,其中氯乙烯常温下为气态,其他4种为液态,并且沸点低,将这几种氯代烯制备成气体标准样品存在制备精度低、气液转换不完全等困难。经研究,采用2步称量法制备5种氯代烯气体标准样品,重复制备的相对标准偏差小于1.6%。建立了5种氯代烯标准气体瓶内均匀性的实验方法,并通过考察样品量值伴随样品压力的变化来评价样品的均匀性。结果显示,5种氯代烯标准气体是均匀的,最低使用压力为1 MPa。依照ISO 15000.3来考察样品的时间稳定性,样品有效期为12个月。相对扩展不确定度为3%(置信度为95%)。     

趋势分析法评价苯系物标准气体的时间稳定性

根据GB/T 15000.3—2008设计了苯系物标准气体的时间稳定性研究方案,制备了4瓶苯系物标准气体,随着时间的推移进行测定并将结果制图,结果显示量值随时间没有显著的变化趋势。以线性关系为模型,计算线性直线的斜率和斜率的标准偏差,用t检验判断斜率是否显著来评价标准气体的稳定性。计算结果显示,所有斜率均不显著,因此该研究制备的苯系物标准气体能够稳定保存22个月。根据时间稳定性数据计算由不稳定性引起的不确定度,并讨论了这种计算不稳定性引起不确定度的方法对结果有放大的可能性。     

燃放烟花爆竹对城区和背景点气溶胶中高氯酸盐的污染研究

除夕夜至大年初一零时前后,是燃放烟花爆竹最多最集中的时段。作者分别同步采集了2007年春节期间在城区和环境背景点的大气气溶胶粗、细颗粒物样品,并对其中的高氯酸盐进行了比较研究。结果显示,燃放烟花爆竹时产生的高氯酸盐对大气气溶胶产生了非常严重的污染。城区气溶胶粗颗粒中的高氯酸盐较非燃放期平均值(2.154ng/m3)上升1 718.01%;细颗粒中的高氯酸盐较非燃放期平均值(1.640 ng/m3)上升503.04%。在环境背景点气溶胶粗颗粒中的高氯酸盐较非燃放期的平均值(0.653 ng/m3)上升了425.25%;细颗粒中的高氯酸盐较非燃放期平均值(0.317 ng/m3)上升了1 467.82%。     

煤与瓦斯共采在错层位巷道布置中的机理研究及应用构想

为了完善现有煤与瓦斯共采技术,创新煤与瓦斯共采方法,对错层位巷道布置下的煤与瓦斯共采系统展开研究,利用相似模拟试验,分析错层位巷道布置覆岩运动情况,预测其开采围岩裂隙发育和瓦斯运移形式,提出了创新煤与瓦斯共采技术构想。研究结果表明:采空区覆岩三带高度随接续工作面的增加而增大,相邻采空区垮落矸石压实区呈现“O-L-O”形变化,多个相邻采空区覆岩出现大“O”形圈裂隙带;相邻采空区内瓦斯可实现相互运移,大“O”形圈裂隙带内赋存大量瓦斯气体;研究提出了地面钻井抽采瓦斯、走向高位瓦斯抽采巷和外错尾巷穿层钻孔3种煤与瓦斯共采技术,比传统巷道布置情况下的煤与瓦斯共采技术在安全、经济等方面更具优势。     

Cancer risk from gaseous carbonyl compounds in indoor environment generated from household coal combustion in Xuanwei,China

Airborne carbonyls were characterized from emitted indoor coal combustion. Samples were collected in Xuanwei (Yunnan Province), a region in China with a high rate of lung cancer. Eleven of 19 types of samples (58%) demonstrated formaldehyde concentrations higher than the World Health Organization exposure limit (a 30-min average of 100 μg m^?3). Different positive significant correlations between glyoxal/methylglyoxal and formaldehyde/acetaldehyde concentrations were observed, suggesting possible different characteristics in emissions between two pairs of carbonyl compounds. A sample in the highest inhalation risk shows 29.2 times higher risk than the lowest sample, suggesting different coal sampling locations could contribute to the variation of inhalation risk. Inhabitants in Xuanwei also tend to spend more time cooking and more days per year indoors than the national average. The calculated cancer risk ranged from 2.2–63 × 10^?5, which shows 13 types of samples at high-risk level. Cumulative effect in combination with different carbonyls could have contributed to the additive actual inhalation cancer risk. There is a need to explicitly address the health effects of environmentally relevant doses, considering life-long exposure in indoor dwellings.     

锰铜铈氧化物催化剂氧化NO性能及动力学研究

实验以TiO2为载体采用浸渍法制备CuOx/TiO2、CeOx/TiO2、CuCeOx/TiO2和MnCuCeOx/TiO2催化剂,考察这些催化剂氧化NO活性,探究Cu、Ce摩尔比和添加Mn元素对CuCeOx/TiO2催化剂氧化NO活性的影响,使用扫描电镜观察催化剂表面结构。研究发现,Cu、Ce元素配合后的CuCeOx/TiO2催化剂氧化活性明显好于单独含Cu、Ce的催化剂,当Cu、Ce摩尔比为Cu:Ce=1∶2时,CuCeOx/TiO2催化剂氧化活性最好,在NO浓度500×10-6,O210%,空速为24 000 h-1,350℃时,NO氧化度为0.62;添加Mn元素可以提高CuCeOx/TiO2催化剂低温氧化活性,250℃时,MnCuCe/Ti-3和MnCuCe/Ti-5催化剂氧化度为0.53和0.69,300℃时,MnCuCe/Ti-3和MnCuCe/Ti-5催化剂氧化度均为0.76;此外,实验还研究了NO在MnCuCe/Ti-3催化剂上反应的动力学方程。     

厌氧折流板反应器处理石化剩余污泥

研究了厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)在厌氧消化处理石化剩余污泥启动过程中的性能及相关参数。实验结果表明:污泥挥发性固体含量的去除率达43.7%;反应器内pH维持在6.4~7.4;从启动到稳定运行,第一隔室最大比产甲烷活性变化不大,在0.14 L/(g·d)以下,第二、第三、第四隔室的最大比产甲烷活性在0.29 L/(g·d)以上,污泥在反应器内部实现了分级分相处理。     

基于白碳黑的水化硅酸钙制备及其磷回收特性简

以白碳黑、硅灰、硅藻土和硅胶筛选硅质原料,并与钙质原料电石渣制备了水化硅酸钙。借助XRF、BET、FTIR等表征手段,通过多次重复除磷实验,研究了硅质原料特性对水化硅酸钙回收磷性能的影响。结果表明,白碳黑具有极高的反应活性,因此可作为制备具有磷回收特性的水化硅酸钙的硅质原料。结合XRD等表征发现,白碳黑的有效利用率是影响水化硅酸钙回收磷性能的关键,该利用率取决于白碳黑与电石渣的摩尔配比以及水热反应温度。当电石渣与白碳黑的摩尔比为1.6：1,反应温度为170℃时,白碳黑具有最佳的利用效率。该条件制备的水化硅酸钙可作为晶种,在其表面结晶形成羟基磷灰石,从而达到磷回收的目的,磷回收后固体物质中的磷含量为19.05%。     

Characterization of the extracellular biodemulsifiers secreted by Bacillus cereus LH-6 and the enhancement of demulsifying efficiency by optimizing the cultivation conditions

A highly efficient demulsifying strain, LH-6, was isolated from petroleum-contaminated soil and identified as Bacillus cereus by 16S rDNA gene analysis. It achieved 95.61 and 95.40 % demulsifying ratios within 12 h for water-in-oil (W/O) and oil-in-water (O/W) model emulsions, respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) detections indicated that the LH-6’s extracellular biodemulsifiers were different types of lipopeptides for the W/O and O/W emulsions. Optimization of the culture medium composition was conducted to improve the biosynthesis and demulsifying efficiency of the biodemulsifier. The optimal carbon source was liquid paraffin, while waste frying oil could also be an alternative carbon source. The optimal nitrogen sources were ammonium sulfate and yeast extract. To further enhance the biodemulsifier efficiency, the optimal cultivation conditions were determined using response surface methodology (RSM) based on central composite rotation design (CCRD). Using the optimized cultivation conditions, the demulsifying ratios increased to 98.23 and 97.65 % for the W/O and O/W model emulsions, respectively.