黄粉虫壳聚糖处理养殖废水

黄粉虫生长过程中会产生大量的虫蜕、死虫和蛹壳等废弃物,将这些废弃物制备成黄粉虫壳聚糖并用于养殖废水的处理,通过单因素和正交实验,优化了废水的处理条件。结果表明,采用黄粉虫壳聚糖与Fe2(SO4)3复配,对养殖废水有较好的净化效果。较优的处理条件为:养殖废水250 mL,壳聚糖15 mg与5 mL 2% Fe2(SO4)3复配,定容至1 L(pH为中性)。该复配体系对实际养殖废水的絮凝率达93.2%,对总悬浮物、氨氮、总有机碳、总氮的去除率分别达到93.75%、75.60%、73.14%和41.92%。     

嗜油菌NY3对蜡质油污泥无害化处理

蜡质油污泥(WOS)成分复杂,含大量老化原油、蜡质油、沥青质及其他化学药剂,属危险性固体废弃物,大量排放已成为石化企业可持续发展的障碍。研究利用铜绿假单胞菌NY3处理高浓度WOS的条件,结果表明,WOS:木屑(m/m)(d=0.30 mm) 7:1并结合热熔分散为最佳油污泥预处理条件;液相降解体系含油量为24.5 g/L时,6 d内,油泥中C20以下的正构烷烃完全被去除,C21~C34和C35~C38大分子量正构烷烃去除率分别在91%~99%和78%~89%之间。添加鼠李糖脂能明显提高长链烃和多环芳烃的降解率。6 d内210 mg/L鼠李糖脂使C29~C38的降解率提高17.27%~36.65%,芘、菲分别提高13.67%和16.12%。添加葡萄糖和Fe2+的条件下,NY3菌可将油污泥转化成为糖蛋白,产量达28 g/L。     

Characterization of the extracellular biodemulsifiers secreted by Bacillus cereus LH-6 and the enhancement of demulsifying efficiency by optimizing the cultivation conditions

A highly efficient demulsifying strain, LH-6, was isolated from petroleum-contaminated soil and identified as Bacillus cereus by 16S rDNA gene analysis. It achieved 95.61 and 95.40 % demulsifying ratios within 12 h for water-in-oil (W/O) and oil-in-water (O/W) model emulsions, respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) detections indicated that the LH-6’s extracellular biodemulsifiers were different types of lipopeptides for the W/O and O/W emulsions. Optimization of the culture medium composition was conducted to improve the biosynthesis and demulsifying efficiency of the biodemulsifier. The optimal carbon source was liquid paraffin, while waste frying oil could also be an alternative carbon source. The optimal nitrogen sources were ammonium sulfate and yeast extract. To further enhance the biodemulsifier efficiency, the optimal cultivation conditions were determined using response surface methodology (RSM) based on central composite rotation design (CCRD). Using the optimized cultivation conditions, the demulsifying ratios increased to 98.23 and 97.65 % for the W/O and O/W model emulsions, respectively.     

Comparative quantification of oxygen release by wetland plants: electrode technique and oxygen consumption model

Understanding oxygen release by plants is important to the design of constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment. Lab-scale systems planted with Phragmites australis were studied to evaluate the amount of oxygen release by plants using electrode techniques and oxygen consumption model. Oxygen release rate (0.14 g O₂/m²/day) measured using electrode techniques was much lower than that (3.94–25.20 gO₂/m²/day) calculated using the oxygen consumption model. The results revealed that oxygen release by plants was significantly influenced by the oxygen demand for the degradation of pollutants, and the oxygen release rate increased with the rising of the concentration of degradable materials in the solution. The summary of the methods in qualifying oxygen release by wetland plants demonstrated that variations existed among different measuring methods and even in the same measuring approach. The results would be helpful for understanding the contribution of plants in constructed wetlands toward actual wastewater treatment.     

Using supercritical carbon dioxide as solvent to replace water in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fabric dyeing procedures

Dyeing fabrics in supercritical carbon dioxide (SCD) instead of water can save energy, reduce water use and prevent pollution. The special pilot plant was designed to test dyeing procedures in supercritical carbon dioxide and the analyses of the results indicate major benefits as compared to water based procedures. The dyeing of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fabric in supercritical carbon dioxide using special pilot plant was investigated. Disperse dye, C.I. (color index) Disperse Blue 79, was used in this study. After dyeing, rinsing in supercritical carbon dioxide, which removes the excess dyes, was also discussed. At the same dyeing conditions, K/S (color yield) of dyed fabric significantly increased with increasing the dye concentration from 1% o.w.f. (on weight of fabric) to 5% o.w.f. Dyeing temperature and pressure had a strong influence on the color yield. When the temperature rose above 110 °C, the increase in color yield was obvious. At 20 MPa, 120–130 °C, dyeing reached equilibrium after 60 min. The excess dye of the dyed PET fabric was small. The suitable condition in supercritical carbon dioxide for removal of excess dye from the dyed fabric was 70 °C, 20 MPa. The PET fabric dyed in supercritical carbon dioxide had good fastness and physical properties.     

蚯蚓对重金属污染土壤中铅的富集研究

蚯蚓在陆地生态系统中具有十分重要的功能,利用蚯蚓处理重金属污染土壤是一种新型的绿色生物技术。实验通过测定重金属污染土壤中不同铅浓度梯度下蚯蚓在培养期内对铅富集量的研究,结果表明：蚯蚓对铅有较强的富集作用,且随铅浓度的增加,蚯蚓体内的富集量也增加;单住质量蚯蚓培养期内吸收铅量与铅浓度梯度表现出极显著性差异,说明蚯蚓可以作为检测重金属污染土壤中铅的重要生物指标,论证了在重金属污染土壤动物修复中引入蚯蚓的可行性。     

莠去津降解菌HB-5的最佳产酶培养基及发酵条件

从农药厂废水中分离到一株降解莠去滓的节杆菌(Arthrobacter sp.)HB-5,以从该菌中提取到的降解酶对莠去津的降解率为指标,进行最佳产酶培养基及发酵条件的优化研究,对其产酶量进行了评价.通过正交试验和均匀试验,对细菌HB-5的发酵培养基进行了优化研究.运用SAS软件进行结果分析,所获优化培养基配方为:蔗糖3.0g·L-1,莠去津0.38g·L-1,K2HPO40.5g·L-1,KH2PO41.2 g·L-1,MgSO4·7H2O 1.2g·L-1,NaCl 0.1g·L-1,微量元素溶液3.8mL·L-1.得到菌株培养的最佳优化条件为:菌株发酵液培养时间为48h.接种量为2%,发酵液初始pH值为9,250mL三角瓶中装液量为80mL经优化后,降解酶对莠去津的降解率(91.64%)比原培养基(40.67%)提高了125%.     

金属涂料生产中挥发性有机物(VOC)的污染及其防治

阐明了金属涂料生产中挥发性有机物（VOC）的危害性,介绍了一种工程造价低,处理效果较好的治理方法,供投资生产金属涂料的生产者参考。     

全球大气硫循环及区域交叉影响

二氧化硫和硫酸盐是硫的重要存在形式,是影响环境空气质量的重要大气污染物.硫酸盐气溶胶是影响全球气候变化的重要大气组分,大气中的硫酸盐气溶胶生命周期短,其浓度空间差异大、时间变化显著.在区域尺度乃至全球尺度研究其迁移转化和区域交叉影响,具有十分重要的科学意义.本研究以2010年SO_2全球排放清单为基础,应用国际通用大气化学模式(Mozart-4),模拟全球大气硫的迁移转化及其季节变化和空间分布特征,并分析全球不同区域间的交叉影响.结果表明:1SO_2柱浓度全球年均值为424.73μg S·m~(-2),中东及南亚最高,达3629.27μg S·m~(-2),南美最低,为181.06μg S·m~(-2).2硫酸盐柱浓度全球年均值为1572.86μg S·m~(-2),东亚年均硫酸盐柱浓度最高,达4556.58μg S·m~(-2),南美最低,为1014.33μg S·m~(-2).3冬季SO_2柱浓度高于其他春夏秋3季,夏季硫酸盐柱浓度高于冬季,主要是由于冬季低温使SO_2不易转化为硫酸盐.4硫酸盐表现出明显的全球迁移特征,全球各区域间交叉影响显著.东亚的净输出量最大,达4.01 Tg S·a~(-1).非洲、中亚及俄罗斯硫酸盐柱浓度的外源影响比例分别高达80.54%和73.00%.     

我国古代灾害文学作品概说

我国古代文学的每个时期都有富于特色的文学形式,也有独具魅力的灾害文学作品,本文从各个历史时期抽离出具有代表性的灾害文学作品,如先秦时期的灾害神话和灾害诗歌,两汉魏晋时期的灾害诗歌和散文,唐宋时期的灾害诗歌,元明清时期的灾害小说等等,并对这些作品进行简单分析,以实现灾害文学基础性研究之目的。