Bacterial diversity in Fez tanneries and Morocco’s Binlamdoune River, using 16S RNA gene based fingerprinting

The response of bacteria to various carbohydrates in the deep-sea sediments and the Antarctic soils was investigated using cellulose, chitin, and olive oil. It was found that the carbohydrates significantly increased the corresponding specific ectoenzyme activity (β- glucosidase, β-N-acetylglucosaminidase, lipase) in the samples from deep-sea sediments. In the case of Antarctic soil samples, the cellulose or olive oil amendments had minor or no effect on β-glucosidase or lipase activity, except the chitin which stimulated β- N-acetylglucosaminidase production. The responses of the bacteria in the deep-sea sediment sample WP02-3 and the Antarctic soil sample CC-TY2 towards the chitin amendment were further analyzed. Chitin amendments were shown to stimulate the ectoenzyme activity in all the tested sediments and the soils. The bacterial response before and after the carbohydrates amendments were compared by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and quantitative competitive polymerase chain reaction. Significant changes were found in the structure and density of the bacterial community in the deep sea sediments as compared to the Antarctic soil sample, where the effects were relatively lower. There was no change in the bacterial population in both studied samples in response to carbohydrates amendments. These data indicate that the bacterial communities in the oligotrophic deep-sea sediments are more dynamic than that in the Antarctic soils as they respond to the nutrient sources efficiently by regulation of ectoenzyme activity and/or changing community structure.     

Carboxymethyl cellulose thiol-imprinted polymers:Synthesis,characterization and selective Hg(Ⅱ) adsorption

Sulfur containing ion imprinted polymers(S-IIPs) were applied for the uptake of Hg(Ⅱ) from aqueous solution. Cysteamine which was used as the ligand for Hg(Ⅱ) complexation, was grafted along the epichlorohydrin crosslinked carboxylated carboxymethyl cellulose polymer chain through an amide reaction. The adsorption ability of S-IIPs towards Hg(Ⅱ)was investigated by kinetic and isotherm models, which, corresponding, showed that the adsorption process followed a pseudo-second-order, fitted well with the Langmuir isotherm with a maximum adsorption capacity of 80 mg/g. Moreover, thermodynamic studies indicated an endothermic and spontaneous reaction with the tendency of an enhanced randomness at the surface of the S-IIPs with temperature increases. S-IIPs indicated a high degree of selectivity towards Hg(Ⅱ) in the presence of Cu~(2+), Zn~(2+), Co~(2+), Pb~(2+)and Cd~(2+).Furthermore, the efficiency of S-IIPs was also evaluated against real samples showing86.78%, 91.88%, and 99.10% recovery for Hg(Ⅱ) wastewater, ground water and tap water,respectively. In this study, the adsorbent was successfully regenerated for five cycles, which allows for their reuse without significant loss of initial adsorption capability.     

Decomposition of carboxymethyl cellulose based on nano-knife principle

The traditional degradation of organic pollutants is based on the sacrifice of chemical or biological reagents. In this study, a purely physical technique was developed to break the chemical bonds and consequently decompose macromolecules in aqueous solution. Assisted with a high-speed mechanical blade, refined quartz sand grains with particularly sharp nanoscale edges can act as ‘nano-knives', which are able to cut the long chain of carboxymethyl cellulose(CMC, as a model molecule). High performance size exclusion chromatography measurements evidenced that the original CMC molecules(41,000 Da) were decomposed into a series of smaller molecules(460, 1000, 2200, 21,000, 27,000 and 31,000 Da). Consequently, the initial viscosity of the CMC solution(2 g/L) rapidly decreased by approximately 50% after 3 min treatment by the nano-knife materials along with the mechanical blade. Fourier transform infrared(FTIR) spectra indicated that the original functional groups were still present and new functional groups were not produced after shearing. The intensity of the main functional groupβ-1-4-glycosidic bond(wavenumber 1062 cm-1) was observed to markedly decrease after shearing. These results indicated that the long-chain CMC was cleaved into short-chain CMC. A degradation mechanism was proposed whereby the cutting force generated by the rapid motion of the nano-knives may be responsible for the breakage of β-1-4-glycosidic bonds in the macromolecular cellulose backbone. These results provide support for a potentially more affordable and environment-friendly strategy for physical-based decomposition of recalcitrant organic pollutants from aqueous solution without the need of chemical or biological reagents.     

二甲戊乐灵的土壤微生物生态效应

研究了二甲戊乐灵对土壤微生物活性的影响.结果表明:二甲戊乐灵1、5、10μg·g^-113个浓度处理所释放的CO2与对照无明显差异;该药对纤维素在土壤中的降解表现出促进作用,纤维素在5和10μg·g^-12处理中的半衰期分别比CK提高1.32和2.14倍;二甲戊乐灵对脱氢酶的活性有一定的激活作用,其激活强度和作用时间随处理浓度升高而加剧和延长;二甲戊乐灵对土壤脲酶的影响表现出先抑制后激活的现象,抑制和激活的程度及持续的时间与处理浓度成正比.     

处理秸秆纤维素乙醇废水的东北土著白腐真菌筛选及特性研究

为了提高秸秆纤维素乙醇废水的处理效果,选择6种东北土著白腐真菌,对2%的秸秆纤维素乙醇废水中木质素进行降解处理.采用正交试验法对筛选出的高效降解菌进行产漆酶培养基的优化.结果表明:6种白腐真菌最高酶活大小顺序为青顶拟多孔菌>血红密孔菌>糙皮侧耳菌>彩绒革盖菌>烟色烟管菌>灵芝;血红密孔菌、糙皮侧耳菌、彩绒革盖菌、青顶拟多孔菌、灵芝、烟色烟管菌在第0天起始质量浓度为640.9~716.6 mg/L,在第14天木质素的质量浓度分别为434.0、411.2、441.8、441.7、533.3、503.5 mg/L,对木质素的去除率分别为37.1%、37.0%、31.8%、31.7%、25.6%、21.4%,并分别在第12、12、4、4、2、6天木质素降解趋于平稳,表明降解效果最好的菌种为血红密孔菌.血红密孔菌产漆酶培养基最优组合方案:最佳碳源为锯末,质量浓度为35 g/L;最佳氮源为蛋白胨,质量浓度为4 g/L;最佳pH为5.极差分析表明,各因素对血红密孔菌产漆酶的影响顺序为碳源>氮源> pH >氮源质量浓度>碳源质量浓度.在最佳培养基条件下,废水中木质素降解率达41.1%.研究显示,血红密孔菌可以作为生物法处理秸秆纤维素乙醇废水的菌种资源,也可为今后的进一步应用研究提供科学依据.      

沉积物和土壤中磷的生物有效性评估新方法

利用自制的氧化铁/醋酸纤维素复合膜(FeO/CAM)发展了一种沉积物和土壤磷的生物有效性评估的新方法. 结果表明:从沉积物和土壤中解吸的生物有效磷(FeO-P)含量随时间增加而增加,至16～20h左右,解吸过程接近平衡;随着土/水比增大而减小,至20～30g/L左右逐渐趋于平缓,且相对标准偏差较小;膜面积为20～30cm²时FeO-P含量差别较小,且相对标准偏差也较小;适当提高振荡频率(一般200r/min左右),有利于促进FeO-P的提取动力学过程.在用于评估水体沉积物和土壤解吸磷的生物有效性方面,FeO/CAM膜克服了氧化铁浸渍滤纸的缺点,易于商品化,具有更好的应用前景.     

水稻秸秆主要组分的提取及其对芘的吸附作用

从水稻秸秆中提取主要组分--木质素、纤维素、半纤维素,利用元素分析和红外光谱对其性质进行了表征,并研究了芘在秸秆及其3种组分上的吸附行为.结果表明,各组分性质差异很大,木质素具有较高的芳香性和较低的极性,而纤维素和半纤维素具有较高的极性和脂肪性.不同组分对芘的吸附等温线均符合Freundlich方程,但吸附能力因其结构的差异而不同,木质素对芘的吸附能力最强, 吸附容量KF为5.04×104,比纤维素高100倍左右,而芘在半纤维素上的吸附能力略低于纤维素.低浓度(水相平衡浓度ce=0.01 Sw)下,秸秆对芘的吸附主要受木质素的控制,而且分配系数Kd略低于按照木质素质量分数计算的预测值,可能是由于木质素的烷基和芳香结构被周围的极性结构所覆盖.但在高浓度(ce = 0.5 Sw)时,秸秆对芘的吸附高于各组分的加和,芘向秸秆其他组分的分配作用不能忽略.芘在木质素上的吸附表现为非线性(非线性指数,n = 0.89),而其它3种吸附剂对芘的吸附更趋向于线性(n > 0.96).n值与芳香性呈负相关关系,而与极性呈正相关关系,表明芳香性导致的特殊作用力是造成吸附非线性的主要原因.有机碳标化分配系数Koc随吸附剂芳香性的增强而增大,但随极性的增强而减小.     

Characterization of the effective cellulose degrading strain CTL-6

An efficient cellulose degrading bacteria exists in the thermophilic wheat straw-degrading community, WDC2. However, this strain cannot be isolated and cultured using conventional separation techniques under strict anaerobic conditions. We successfully isolated a strain of effective cellulose degrading bacteria CTL-6 using a wash, heat shock, and solid-liquid alternating process. Analysis of its properties revealed that, although the community containing the strain CTL-6 grew under aerobic conditions, the purified strain CTL-6 only grew under anaerobic culture conditions. The strain CTL-6 had a striking capability of degrading cellulose (80.9% weight loss after 9 days of culture). The highest efficiency value of the endocellulase (CMCase activity) was 0.404 μtmol/(min-mL), cellulose degradation efficiency by CTL-6 was remarkably high at 50-65°C with the highest degradation efficiency observed at 60°C. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that the closest relative to strain CTL-6 belonged to the genus Clostridium thermocellum. Strain CTL-6 was capable of utilizing cellulose, celiobiose, and glucose. Strain CTL-6 also grew with Sorbitol as the sole carbon source, whereas C.therrnocellum is unable to do so.     

蚯蚓对菇渣中纤维素和木质素生物转化的研究

为了探索农业废弃香菇菇渣"减量化、无害化、资源化"循环化利用的有效途径.本实验按照不同碳氮比设置菇渣混合基质,接种蚯蚓(Eisenia foetida)对其进行生物转化.实验培养56 d,每14 d取样,分别测定了总氮、总有机碳、木质素和纤维素含量,脲酶、蔗糖酶、纤维素酶和多酚氧化酶活性变化情况,以及菇渣生物转化前后的结构变化情况(扫描电子显微镜SEM)和生物转化产物浸提液的发芽率等指标.结果显示:在蚯蚓生物转化过程中,各处理组总氮、总有机碳和木质纤维素含量与处理前相比均有不同程度的降低,其中,碳氮比为25的处理组纤维素和木质素的降解率最高,分别为50.06%和77.01%;各个处理组中脲酶、蔗糖酶、纤维素酶和多酚氧化酶活性呈不同程度的变化趋势,其中,碳氮比为25的处理组纤维素酶活性增加最多,增加了81.25%;扫描电镜结果显示,蚯蚓生物转化可以将菌渣碎片化;另外,蚯蚓堆肥产物浸提液可以提高黑麦草发芽率.综上,推测碳氮比为25的蚯蚓生物转化体系更有利于菇渣基质处理.     

芽孢杆菌B01固态发酵及其对园林废弃物堆肥的影响

菌剂的使用是目前促进园林废弃物堆肥的有效方法,但常用的菌剂往往为液态菌剂,其制作存在无菌操作要求高、产品存在运输不便等问题,拟尝试通过固体菌剂加以克服.以芽孢杆菌（Bacillus sp.）B01为研究对象,对其固态发酵过程中的载体、保护剂、接种量、装瓶量等常见工艺参数进行优化,制成固体菌剂,并与市售常见液体菌剂——EM菌进行对比,探究其对园林废弃物堆肥过程的影响.结果表明:B01固态发酵的最优载体配比为麦麸35%、米糠45%、乳糖6%、黄豆粉6%、硅藻土8%,保护剂为5%海藻糖,接种量为15%,装瓶量为15%,料水比为1:1.在该发酵条件下,B01固态发酵物活菌体数可达到2.62×1010 CFU/g（以干质量计）,存储90 d后,25℃下的存活率为30.19%.与EM菌相比,固体菌剂——B01可使园林废弃物堆肥过程中纤维素降解率提高11.04%、木质素降解率提高15.47%、腐殖质含量提高19.91%.研究显示,通过固态发酵条件的优化成功地将B01制成固体菌剂,该固体菌剂具有较高的活菌数量和较长的保质期,还可促进园林废弃物堆肥过程中木质素、纤维素的降解以及腐殖质的合成,具有显著的应用潜力.