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31.
陕北某化工企业周围污灌区土壤-作物系统重金属积累特征及评价 总被引:7,自引:5,他引:2
对陕西北部某化工企业污灌区土壤-作物系统的重金属积累状况及空间分布进行了深入研究.结果表明,污水排放导致了周围农田土壤中Cd和Cu的聚集,其中Cd的积累量超过国家土壤环境二级标准;土壤Cu、Zn和Pb的单因子污染指数均小于1,Cd的单因子污染指数为1.21,属轻度污染,4种重金属综合污染指数为0.74,属警戒线等级.在剖面上,所有重金属元素均表现出明显的表聚现象,主要聚集在土壤表层0~10 cm范围内,在空间分布上,污水排放企业污灌区土壤和作物重金属Cu、Zn和Cd的强烈聚集区出现在企业排污口附近100 m范围内,而Pb集中在200 m范围内,并随着距企业距离的增加重金属含量呈降低趋势.在企业污水灌溉的影响下,玉米籽粒中Cu、Pb和Cd的平均含量分别为4.74、0.129和0.036 mg·kg-1,明显高于对照区,其中Pb达到5.7%的超标率.玉米籽粒中重金属单因子污染指数均小于1,大小为PbCuZnCd,综合污染指数为0.53,属安全清洁等级;4种重金属元素中,除Cd在作物中与土壤中有效态和全量之间均呈现极显著的正相关关系外,其余元素作物中和土壤中含量相关性均未达到显著水平.因此,该化工企业周围,尽管由于污灌引起重金属在土壤中的累积,但由于在农作物中的积累有限,暂时未对人体健康造成威胁,但由于交通及烟尘引起的Pb的超标应引起重视. 相似文献
32.
龙口市污水灌溉区农田重金属来源、空间分布及污染评价 总被引:30,自引:17,他引:13
采集龙口市污水灌溉区农田土壤,分析测定土壤pH和重金属含量,以采集的70个土壤样点为研究对象,根据多元统计中的相关分析和主成分分析探究研究区重金属的来源;采用地统计理论与GIS空间插值相结合的方法研究重金属元素的空间结构和分布特征;最后利用内梅罗指数法和改进的模糊综合评判法做重金属污染评价.结果表明,研究区内9种重金属元素在土壤中均有一定程度的富集,其中重金属Cd的均值是当地背景值的3.06倍,富集情况最为明显;指数法进行的污染评价显示Cu、Cd和Pb的综合污染指数分别为7.06、6.10和5.54,三者均属重度污染;相关分析和主成分分析结果显示,Cu、Zn和Pb、Cd主要受人为因素影响,污水灌溉是它们的共同污染因素,前两者为农业生产中化肥农药的过量使用与长时间的累积作用,而北部煤矿开采和煤矸石的堆积产生的污染以及电镀、机械制造等工业污染是后两者的污染来源;Co、Cr、Mn、Ni和As主要是受成土母质等自然因素的影响;据模糊综合评判的结果,研究区70个样点,有13个是中污染程度,23个属于轻污染,28个是警戒程度,6个样点处在安全范围内;从空间分布上看,重金属含量的高值区主要集中在黄水河下游的诸由观镇和徐福镇,说明污水灌溉给当地土壤造成了一定程度的重金属污染. 相似文献
33.
Health risks of heavy metals in contaminated soils and food crops irrigated with wastewater in Beijing, China 总被引:24,自引:0,他引:24
Khan S Cao Q Zheng YM Huang YZ Zhu YG 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,152(3):686-692
Consumption of food crops contaminated with heavy metals is a major food chain route for human exposure. We studied the health risks of heavy metals in contaminated food crops irrigated with wastewater. Results indicate that there is a substantial buildup of heavy metals in wastewater-irrigated soils, collected from Beijing, China. Heavy metal concentrations in plants grown in wastewater-irrigated soils were significantly higher (P相似文献
34.
35.
Characterizing Drought in Irrigated Agricultural Systems: The Surface Water Delivery Index (SWDI)
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David J. Hoekema Jae Hyeon Ryu 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2016,52(3):737-755
Quantifying surface water shortages in arid and semiarid agricultural regions is challenging because limited water supplies are distributed over long distances based on complex water management systems constrained by legal, economic, and social frameworks that evolve with time. In such regions, the water supply is often derived in a climate dramatically different from where the water is diverted to meet agricultural demand. The existing drought indices which rely on local climate do not portray the complexities of the economic and legal constraints on water delivery. Nor do these indices quantify the shortages that occur in drought. Therefore, this research proposes a methodological approach to define surface water shortages in irrigated agricultural systems using a newly developed index termed the Surface Water Delivery Index (SWDI). The SWDI can be used to uniformly quantify surface water deficits/shortages at the end of the irrigation season. Results from the SWDI clearly illustrate how water shortages in droughts identified by the existing indices (e.g., SPI and PDSI) vary strongly both within and between basins. Some surface water entities are much more prone to water shortages than other entities based both on their source of water supply and water right portfolios. 相似文献
36.
Irrigation Water Allocation Using an Inexact Two‐Stage Quadratic Programming with Fuzzy Input under Climate Change
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Mo Li Ping Guo Vijay P. Singh Jie Zhao 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2016,52(3):667-684
Agricultural irrigation accounts for nearly 70% of the total water use around the world. Uncertainties and climate change together exacerbate the complexity of optimal allocation of water resources for irrigation. An interval‐fuzzy two‐stage stochastic quadratic programming model is developed for determining the plans for water allocation for irrigation with maximum benefits. The model is shown to be applicable when inputs are expressed as discrete, fuzzy or random. In order to reflect the effect of marginal utility on benefit and cost, the model can also deal with nonlinearities in the objective function. Results from applying the model to a case study in the middle reaches of the Heihe River basin, China, show schemes for water allocation for irrigation of different crops in every month of the crop growth period under various flow levels are effective for achieving high economic benefits. Different climate change scenarios are used to analyze the impact of changing water requirement and water availability on irrigation water allocation. The proposed model can aid the decision maker in formulating desired irrigation water management policies in the wake of uncertainties and changing environment. 相似文献
37.
38.
Carroll S Goonetilleke A Thomas E Hargreaves M Frost R Dawes L 《Environmental management》2006,38(2):286-303
Onsite wastewater treatment systems (OWTS) are becoming increasingly important for the treatment and dispersal of effluent
in new urbanised developments that are not serviced by centralised wastewater collection and treatment systems. However, the
current standards and guidelines adopted by many local authorities for assessing suitable site and soil conditions for OWTS
are increasingly coming under scrutiny due to the public health and environmental impacts caused by poorly performing systems,
in particular septic tank-soil adsorption systems. In order to achieve sustainable onsite wastewater treatment with minimal
impacts on the environment and public health, more appropriate means of assessment are required. This paper highlights an
integrated risk based approach for assessing the inherent hazards associated with OWTS in order to manage and mitigate the
environmental and public health risks inherent with onsite wastewater treatment. In developing a sound and cohesive integrated
risk framework for OWTS, several key issues must be recognised. These include the inclusion of relevant stakeholders throughout
framework development, the integration of scientific knowledge, data and analysis with risk assessment and management ideals,
and identification of the appropriate performance goals for successful management and mitigation of associated risks. These
issues were addressed in the development of the risk framework to provide a generic approach to assessing risk from OWTS.
The utilisation of the developed risk framework for achieving more appropriate assessment and management techniques for OWTS
is presented in a case study for the Gold Coast region, Queensland State, Australia. 相似文献
39.
40.
Nicole F. Opalinski Aditi S. Bhaskar Dale T. Manning 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2020,56(1):68-81
Weather variability has the potential to influence municipal water use, particularly in dry regions such as the western United States (U.S.). Outdoor water use can account for more than half of annual household water use and may be particularly responsive to weather, but little is known about how the expected magnitude of these responses varies across the U.S. This nationwide study identified the response of municipal water use to monthly weather (i.e., temperature, precipitation, evapotranspiration [ET]) using monthly water deliveries for 229 cities in the contiguous U.S. Using city‐specific multiple regression and region‐specific models with city fixed effects, we investigated what portion of the variability in municipal water use was explained by weather across cities, and also estimated responses to weather across seasons and climate regions. Our findings indicated municipal water use was generally well‐explained by weather, with median adjusted R2 ranging from 63% to 95% across climate regions. Weather was more predictive of water use in dry climates compared to wet, and temperature had more explanatory power than precipitation or ET. In response to a 1°C increase in monthly maximum temperature, municipal water use was shown to increase by 3.2% and 3.9% in dry cities in winter and summer, respectively, with smaller changes in wet cities. Quantifying these responses allows urban water managers to plan for weather‐driven variability in water use. 相似文献