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81.
82.
简易垃圾填埋场地下水污染风险评价 总被引:10,自引:5,他引:10
对简易垃圾填埋场污染地下水的风险进行评价是开展地下水保护的重要手段. 基于对简易垃圾填埋场污染地下水的系统结构分析,构建了包括填埋场危险性、评价对象暴露性、包气带抗污性、含水层脆弱性以及地下水危害性等影响因素的地下水污染风险评价指标体系,确定了各评价指标的取值依据和取值范围(为1~10),采用层次分析(AHP)法确定了各评价指标的权重,并建立了综合指数风险评价模型. 以北天堂简易垃圾填埋场对北京市水源四厂地下水污染的风险评价为例,对该风险评价模型进行了验证. 结果表明,北天堂简易垃圾填埋场对北京市水源四厂地下水污染风险指数为7.455 6,污染风险等级较高,与有关研究结果相符,证实所建立的地下水污染的综合指数风险评价模型与指标体系合理. 相似文献
83.
电化学产电菌的分离及性能评价 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
利用兼性滚管法分离了折流板空气阴极微生物燃料电池(BAFMFC)A、B两格室的阳极生物膜,共获得19株纯菌.将菌株投加至无菌立方型反应器中,检验其产电特性.利用交流阻抗法测量各纯菌电池的内阻,结果显示38个电池的欧姆内阻为25Ω±5Ω,说明了各电池的产电差异来源于菌株本身的活性.其他运行条件均保持不变,在1000Ω外阻下,7株纯菌电池的输出电压在200mV以上.其中,A格室产电活性最高的菌株(A2)产生的最大电压为328mV,输出的最大功率密度为165.1mW/m2,B格室产电活性最高的菌株(B1)最大电压为241mV,最大功率密度为214.4mW/m2.原子力显微镜和脂肪酸快速鉴定表明,A2为肠杆菌科的杆菌,B1为厚壁菌门的芽孢杆菌. 相似文献
84.
含氮消毒副产物作为一类具有强“三致”作用的高毒性新兴消毒副产物,其生成和控制等相关问题是饮用水处理领域研究的重点和难点。典型的含氮消毒副产物有卤乙腈、亚硝胺、卤代硝基甲烷及卤乙酰胺,在总结这类消毒副产物的生成机制和去除手段的基础上,针对其浓度低、极性强造成富集难、去除率低的瓶颈问题,分别从新材料、新技术研发及工艺优化组合方向提出了消除含氮消毒副产物问题的研究重点,展望了新型纳米功能材料耦合电化学技术处理含氮消毒副产物的发展前景,为解决强“三致”作用的高毒性新兴含氮消毒副产物问题提供参考。 相似文献
85.
微生物群落结构和多样性解析技术研究进展 总被引:15,自引:1,他引:15
微生物群落结构和多样性是微生物生态学和环境科学研究的热点内容,对于开发微生物资源,阐明微生物群落与其生境的关系,揭示群落结构与功能的联系,从而指导微生物群落功能的定向调控具有重要意义。基本按照年代顺序概述了常用的微生物群落结构及多样性解析技术,同时也体现了解析技术由片面向全面、由低分辨水平向高分辨水平的发展过程。20世纪70年代以前,对环境微生物群落结构及多样性的认识依赖传统的培养分离方法,方法的分辨水平低,认识是不全面的和有选择性的;20世纪70年代和80年代,在微生物化学成分分析的基础上建立了生物标记物方法(醌指纹法、磷脂脂肪酸法等),对微生物群落结构和多样性的认识进入到较客观的层次上;在80和90年代,以DNA为目标物的现代分子生物学技术(rRNA基因测序技术、基因指纹图谱等)比较精确地揭示了微生物种类和遗传的多样性,并给出了关于群落结构的直观信息。指出了每种解析技术的功能特点和局限性,并展望了解析技术的发展趋势是原位、快速、灵敏、高通量和准确定量。 相似文献
86.
BAYESIAN MODELS OF FORECASTED TIME SERIES1 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Roman Krzysztofowicz 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1985,21(5):805-814
Bayesian Processor of Forecasts (BPF) combines a prior distribution, which describes the natural uncertainty about the realization of a hydrologic process, with a likelihood function, which describes the uncertainty in categorical forecasts of that process, and outputs a posterior distribution of the process, conditional upon the forecasts. The posterior distribution provides a means of incorporating uncertain forecasts into optimal decision models. We present fundamentals of building BPF for time series. They include a general formulation, stochastic independence assumptions and their interpretation, computationally tractable models for forecasts of an independent process and a first-order Markov process, and parametric representations for normal-linear processes. An example is shown of an application to the annual time series of seasonal snowmelt runoff volume forecasts. 相似文献
87.
Wendy A. Rice Steven M. Gorelick 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1985,21(6):919-930
A graphical inverse method for determining the regional transmissivity distribution was applied to three field problems. The study areas were the Hanford Site, Washington; the Rocky Mountain Arsenal, Colorado; and the Nevada Test Site, Nevada. This method can aid in flow system conceptualization by revealing the location of bedrock controls for groundwater flow. It is a valuable tool for aiding the hydrogeologist in asking questions about the nature of trends in the pattern of transmissivity values. Quantitative estimates of regional transmissivities can be used as starting points for further parameter refinement. Sensitivity analysis using Monte Carlo simulation shows that quantitative estimates of transmissivity can be obtained when measurement error in the hydraulic head does not cause a large error in the hydraulic gradient. 相似文献
88.
Ute Dymon 《Environmental management》1987,11(6):775-792
Groundwater mapping is a critical component of efficient water resource management today. Difficulties arise when highly specialized and complex groundwater data are collected and presented in map form. This is an analysis of the map content and its presentation in the USGS Hydrological Investigation Atlas Series. This analysis reveals the problems to be surmounted in mapping groundwater information. The technical nature of the groundwater data requires special design considerations. 相似文献
89.
Methods used to determine adverse impacts of air pollution on four levels of biological organization of terrestrial ecosystems were evaluated for their use in decision making by federal land managers of class I areas and as guidelines for scientists employed to design field studies in these areas. At the level of the individual, visible injury, biomass, and sulfur uptake were the most often used components; at the population level, natality and mortality; at the community level, diversity; and at the ecosystem level, biogeochemical cycling. Most studies focused on structural responses of individual organisms. These components are relatively sensitive and are easy and inexpensive to measure; however, linkages of these parameters to adverse impacts on populations, communities, or ecosystems are lacking. Measurements of effects of air pollution at the higher levels of organization are confounded by natural variability, long response times, climatic variation, pathogens, and other factors. In addition, the lack of replication and of true control areas creates severe problems for design of monitoring programs and testing of hypotheses concerning effects. 相似文献
90.
Impact scoping is the process of identifying important issues of a proposal and focusing the environmental impact assessment
(EIA) on the high-priority issues. Although impact scoping in one form or another has been inherent to EIA for some time,
documentation of its development and discussion of refinements to impact scoping processes have not been forthcoming. This
article traces the development of impact scoping through time and highlights the need for such processes in EIA. A focused
environmental assessment (FEA) approach to impact scoping that is suitable for implementation in an EIA is presented here
and advantages of its use are delineated. FEA is a three-staged process that encourages impact scoping through progressive
steps including impact identification, assessment and management planning. FEA combines a suite of EIA methods including:
issues matrices, impact hypotheses, valued ecosystem components, and stakeholder participation sessions to effectively integrate
impact scoping with EIA. 相似文献