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41.
Irrigation Water Allocation Using an Inexact Two‐Stage Quadratic Programming with Fuzzy Input under Climate Change
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Mo Li Ping Guo Vijay P. Singh Jie Zhao 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2016,52(3):667-684
Agricultural irrigation accounts for nearly 70% of the total water use around the world. Uncertainties and climate change together exacerbate the complexity of optimal allocation of water resources for irrigation. An interval‐fuzzy two‐stage stochastic quadratic programming model is developed for determining the plans for water allocation for irrigation with maximum benefits. The model is shown to be applicable when inputs are expressed as discrete, fuzzy or random. In order to reflect the effect of marginal utility on benefit and cost, the model can also deal with nonlinearities in the objective function. Results from applying the model to a case study in the middle reaches of the Heihe River basin, China, show schemes for water allocation for irrigation of different crops in every month of the crop growth period under various flow levels are effective for achieving high economic benefits. Different climate change scenarios are used to analyze the impact of changing water requirement and water availability on irrigation water allocation. The proposed model can aid the decision maker in formulating desired irrigation water management policies in the wake of uncertainties and changing environment. 相似文献
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在阐述了宁夏地区光伏发电发展的优势及发展现状的基础上,分析了光伏发电开发利用对宁夏生态环境产生的积极和消极的影响,并为降低消极影响提出了相应的对策;为了定量直观的评估光伏发电积极影响和消极影响所产生的环境效益,分别建立了节能减排、防风固沙和土地增值、景观效应、植被恢复费用、噪声污染超标罚款、光污染费用等价值模型及光伏发电总的生态环境效益价值模型;最后以中电投宁夏能源铝中卫香山光伏电站为例进行计算验证,结果表明模型的合理性和准确性,同时光伏电站的节能减排效益显著。相对于传统的火力发电,表现了优越的环境效益。 相似文献
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Carroll S Goonetilleke A Thomas E Hargreaves M Frost R Dawes L 《Environmental management》2006,38(2):286-303
Onsite wastewater treatment systems (OWTS) are becoming increasingly important for the treatment and dispersal of effluent
in new urbanised developments that are not serviced by centralised wastewater collection and treatment systems. However, the
current standards and guidelines adopted by many local authorities for assessing suitable site and soil conditions for OWTS
are increasingly coming under scrutiny due to the public health and environmental impacts caused by poorly performing systems,
in particular septic tank-soil adsorption systems. In order to achieve sustainable onsite wastewater treatment with minimal
impacts on the environment and public health, more appropriate means of assessment are required. This paper highlights an
integrated risk based approach for assessing the inherent hazards associated with OWTS in order to manage and mitigate the
environmental and public health risks inherent with onsite wastewater treatment. In developing a sound and cohesive integrated
risk framework for OWTS, several key issues must be recognised. These include the inclusion of relevant stakeholders throughout
framework development, the integration of scientific knowledge, data and analysis with risk assessment and management ideals,
and identification of the appropriate performance goals for successful management and mitigation of associated risks. These
issues were addressed in the development of the risk framework to provide a generic approach to assessing risk from OWTS.
The utilisation of the developed risk framework for achieving more appropriate assessment and management techniques for OWTS
is presented in a case study for the Gold Coast region, Queensland State, Australia. 相似文献
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Nicole F. Opalinski Aditi S. Bhaskar Dale T. Manning 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2020,56(1):68-81
Weather variability has the potential to influence municipal water use, particularly in dry regions such as the western United States (U.S.). Outdoor water use can account for more than half of annual household water use and may be particularly responsive to weather, but little is known about how the expected magnitude of these responses varies across the U.S. This nationwide study identified the response of municipal water use to monthly weather (i.e., temperature, precipitation, evapotranspiration [ET]) using monthly water deliveries for 229 cities in the contiguous U.S. Using city‐specific multiple regression and region‐specific models with city fixed effects, we investigated what portion of the variability in municipal water use was explained by weather across cities, and also estimated responses to weather across seasons and climate regions. Our findings indicated municipal water use was generally well‐explained by weather, with median adjusted R2 ranging from 63% to 95% across climate regions. Weather was more predictive of water use in dry climates compared to wet, and temperature had more explanatory power than precipitation or ET. In response to a 1°C increase in monthly maximum temperature, municipal water use was shown to increase by 3.2% and 3.9% in dry cities in winter and summer, respectively, with smaller changes in wet cities. Quantifying these responses allows urban water managers to plan for weather‐driven variability in water use. 相似文献
48.
Andrew S. Jones Allan A. Andales Jos L. Chvez Cullen McGovern Garvey E.B. Smith Olaf David Steven J. Fletcher 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2020,56(2):201-211
We apply predictive weather metrics and land model sensitivities to improve the Colorado State University Water Irrigation Scheduler for Efficient Application (WISE). WISE is an irrigation decision aid that integrates environmental and user information for optimizing water use. Rainfall forecasts and verification performance metrics are used to estimate predictive rainfall probabilities that are used as input data within the irrigation decision aid. These input data errors are also used within a land model sensitivity study to diagnose important prognostic water movement behaviors for irrigation tool development purposes simultaneously performing the analysis in space and time. Thus, important questions such as “how long can a crop water application be delayed while maintaining crop yield production?” are addressed by evaluating crop growth stage interactions as a function of soil depth (i.e., space), rainfall events (i.e., time), and their probabilistic uncertainties. Editor’s note : This paper is part of the featured series on Optimizing Ogallala Aquifer Water Use to Sustain Food Systems. See the February 2019 issue for the introduction and background to the series. 相似文献
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Jahn Kallis Leo Bodensteiner Anthony Gabriel 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2010,46(4):744-756
Kallis, Jahn, Leo Bodensteiner, and Anthony Gabriel, 2010. Hydrological Controls and Freshening in Meromictic Soap Lake, Washington, 1939-2002. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(4): 744-756. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00446.x Abstract: The chemically stratified layer of naturally formed meromictic lakes exhibits unusual and often extreme physical and chemical conditions that have resulted in the evolution of uniquely adapted species. The Columbia Basin Irrigation Project appears to have had a marked effect on the hydrology of Soap Lake, a meromictic lake in the Grand Coulee of central Washington. The relation of hydrology to salinity was assessed by analyzing water budgets before and after the introduction of the irrigation project. Before irrigation, water gains were balanced by losses; after irrigation began groundwater gains approximately doubled. To manage lake levels and reduce groundwater influx, wells were installed to intercept groundwater. Although the hydrological cycle has been restored to pre-irrigation conditions, the meromictic character of the lake continues to change. Interception wells remove 10 to 16 Mm3 of groundwater annually, but influx continues based on change in the monimolimnion. From 1958 to 2003 the chemocline descended 1.1 m and the volume of the monimolimnion from 698,000 m3 to 114,000 m3. Annual loss of volume is occurring at a rate of 1.9% since 1958. Although groundwater interception wells are maintaining the volume of the entire lake, the recession of the chemocline indicates that conditions that have maintained meromixis at Soap Lake are currently not in equilibrium. 相似文献