Spatial and Seasonal Response of Municipal Water Use to Weather across the Contiguous U.S.

Weather variability has the potential to influence municipal water use, particularly in dry regions such as the western United States (U.S.). Outdoor water use can account for more than half of annual household water use and may be particularly responsive to weather, but little is known about how the expected magnitude of these responses varies across the U.S. This nationwide study identified the response of municipal water use to monthly weather (i.e., temperature, precipitation, evapotranspiration [ET]) using monthly water deliveries for 229 cities in the contiguous U.S. Using city‐specific multiple regression and region‐specific models with city fixed effects, we investigated what portion of the variability in municipal water use was explained by weather across cities, and also estimated responses to weather across seasons and climate regions. Our findings indicated municipal water use was generally well‐explained by weather, with median adjusted R² ranging from 63% to 95% across climate regions. Weather was more predictive of water use in dry climates compared to wet, and temperature had more explanatory power than precipitation or ET. In response to a 1°C increase in monthly maximum temperature, municipal water use was shown to increase by 3.2% and 3.9% in dry cities in winter and summer, respectively, with smaller changes in wet cities. Quantifying these responses allows urban water managers to plan for weather‐driven variability in water use.     

Temperature Effect on Migration of Zn and Cd Through Natural Clay

To investigate the effect of temperature on effective diffusion coefficients and retardation factors for Zn and Cd, combined diffusion and sequential extraction analyses were conducted at 15 ^˚C and 55 ^˚C. The effective diffusion coefficients of the metals increased up to ten times according to the increased temperature. On the other hand, the effect of temperature on the retardation factor depended on the retention mechanisms of the metals. The distribution coefficient for Zn, which was mainly partitioned in the carbonate phase, increased up to two times with the increase in temperature. On the other hand, the distribution coefficient for Cd, which was mainly partitioned in the exchangeable phase, was hardly affected by the temperature change. Results of combined diffusion and sequential extraction analysis showed that the effect of temperature on the heavy metals’ (Zn and Cd) migration through the compacted natural clay was influenced by the combined effects of the diffusion coefficient and the retardation factor. Additionally, we could also observe the change in retention mechanism for the metals with the change in pore water concentration.     

气象条件对静电除尘器低温腐蚀的影响分析

在已建成投产的静电除尘器当中,低温腐蚀是严重影响除尘器使用寿命的因素之一。以某烧结厂静电除尘器为研究对象,利用CFD软件,采用标准k-ε湍流模型对除尘器内部流场及温度场的分布进行数值模拟研究,得到静电除尘器内部流场和温度场分布特征,分析这些数据可知除尘器温度最低部位位于灰斗处,外界气温对壳体温度具有正相关的影响,在此基础之上有针对性地提出对静电除尘器壳体低温腐蚀的防治措施。     

振荡辐射下PMMA 热解与着火过程研究

采用正弦波变化振荡的辐射热流,对热厚PMMA(聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯)的热解和着火过程进行研究,同时采用数值模拟,对实验结果进行验证和补充。结果表明,表面温度和深度温度随着时间而增加,温度由于周期性的辐射而发生振荡,而振荡幅度随着深度的增加而衰减;表面温度与深度温度振荡存在时间延迟;着火时间随着热流振荡周期的增大而减小,主要由于平均热流密度随着周期增大而增大。     

单轴应力对煤自燃特性参数和导热系数的影响研究

为探究单轴应力作用下煤氧化和传热特性,利用自制荷载加压煤自燃特性参数测定装置对炉体内长焰煤煤样进行程序升温。结合程序升温过程中煤临界温度Tc和Tg,对其进行阶段划分:阶段1为30℃~Tc;阶段2为Tc~Tg。计算了不同单轴应力下2个阶段煤表观活化能和平均耗氧速率。根据能量守恒得出程序升温过程煤导热系数随温度的变化,进一步分析煤导热系数与单轴应力的关系。结果表明:阶段1单轴应力为4 MPa时为临界轴压,煤表观活化能最大,平均耗氧速率最小;阶段2煤表观活化能和平均耗氧速率随单轴应力增大均呈抛物线变化,单轴应力为2.7 MPa时为临界轴压,煤表观活化能最大,平均耗氧速率最小;阶段1和2煤导热系数随温度升高均先减小后增大,并且煤导热系数随单轴应力增大呈三次函数变化。     

CO2和ABC干粉灭火剂扑灭火旋风火焰实验对比分析

为了分析2种灭火剂扑灭火旋风效果,采用实验室自制装置生成稳定的火旋风火焰,喷射CO₂或ABC干粉灭火剂,获取火焰温度场及光电信号数据。研究结果表明:在CO₂灭火剂或ABC干粉灭火剂作用下火旋风火焰温度场呈“下凹”型指数衰减;受灭火剂喷射位置影响,火焰根部、中部及顶端不同区域的灭火剂影响系数不同;基于火焰降温速率和光信号变化,相较于CO₂灭火剂,对火焰起抑制作用的ABC干粉灭火剂降温效率更高、扑灭效果更好。     

1961—2008年新疆阿克苏地区降水、温度变化特征

利用阿克苏地区5个气象站1961—2008年的降水和温度资料,对近50 a来该地区气候变化及其趋势进行了分析。各气象站年降水量变化趋势基本一致,总体上都呈增加趋势。除库车县气象站年平均温度呈降低趋势外,其余呈上升趋势。总体上,阿克苏地区年降水量和年平均温度均呈上升趋势。     

Effects of temperature and fertilization on total vs. active bacterial communities exposed to crude and diesel oil pollution in NW Mediterranean Sea

The dynamics of total and active microbial communities were studied in seawater microcosms amended with crude or diesel oil at different temperatures (25, 10 and 4 °C) in the presence/absence of organic fertilization (Inipol EAP 22). Total and hydrocarbon-degrading microbes were enumerated by fluorescence microscopy and Most Probable Number (MPN) method, respectively. Total (16S rDNA-based) vs. active (16S rRNA) bacterial community structure was monitored by Capillary-Electrophoresis Single Strand Conformation Polymorphism (CE-SSCP) fingerprinting. Hydrocarbons were analyzed after 12 weeks of incubation by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Total and hydrocarbon-degrading microbial counts were highly influenced by fertilization while no important differences were observed between temperatures. Higher biodegradation levels were observed in fertilized microcosms. Temperature and fertilization induced changes in structure of total bacterial communities. However, fertilization showed a more important effect on active bacterial structure. The calculation of Simpson's diversity index showed similar trends among temperatures whereas fertilization reduced diversity index of both total and active bacterial communities.     

城市生活垃圾降解率分析研究

针对城市生活垃圾降解率研究不足的现状,结合室内物理模拟实验,对垃圾温度和垃圾降解率的变化规律进行分析研究。研究结果表明,填埋初期垃圾填埋体温度升高较快,服从三次曲线变化规律;温度对垃圾降解率有重要的影响,单一温度下垃圾降解率随时间变化近似符合微生物生长曲线;不同温度下,温度高,垃圾降解率快,试验证明41.00、45.00℃垃圾降解率最快,垃圾降解率相差不大,可以认为温度高于41.00℃时垃圾降解率可以按照41.00℃时垃圾降解率计算。