4种典型PPCPs对蚕豆和大蒜根尖细胞微核率的影响

药物及个人护理品(PPCPs)对生态环境的潜在风险受到世界各国科学家的广泛关注.为评价典型PPCPs对植物细胞遗传物质的损伤程度,该试验以青皮蚕豆和大蒜为试验生物材料,分析强力霉素(DOX)、环丙沙星(CIP)、三氯卡班(TCC)和卡马西平(CBZ)在12.5~100 mg·L-1的浓度范围内对蚕豆和大蒜根尖细胞微核率及微核指数的影响.结果表明:1 DOX、CIP、TCC和CBZ分别作用于蚕豆根尖细胞时,细胞微核率均明显高于对照组(CK1)1.67‰,差异显著(P0.05);微核指数均大于3.5,属于重度损伤;随染毒浓度的增大微核率均呈先增后减的趋势.2 DOX、CIP、TCC和CBZ分别作用于大蒜根尖细胞时,产生微核数量较少,微核率均大于对照组(CK2)0.67‰,部分浓度组与CK2相比差异显著(P0.05),仅当CIP浓度为25、50、100 mg·L-1,TCC和CBZ浓度为25 mg·L-1时微核指数大于3.5;随染毒浓度的增大微核率均呈先增后减的趋势.3供试化合物引起大蒜根尖细胞的微核率均明显低于蚕豆,两组之间差异显著(P0.05).4 4种化合物处理蚕豆和大蒜根尖细胞产生的微核指数整体对比大小均为CIPCBZTCCDOX.研究显示,4种化合物达到一定浓度时均对蚕豆和大蒜根尖细胞造成了遗传损伤,对大蒜造成的损伤程度明显低于蚕豆,4种化合物性质不同对两种植物产生的损伤程度也不同.     

STEP WISE,MULTIPLE OBJECTIVE CALIBRATION OF A HYDROLOGIC MODEL FOR A SNOWMELT DOMINATED BASIN1

ABSTRACT: The ability to apply a hydrologic model to large numbers of basins for forecasting purposes requires a quick and effective calibration strategy. This paper presents a step wise, multiple objective, automated procedure for hydrologic model calibration. This procedure includes the sequential calibration of a model's simulation of solar radiation (SR), potential evapotranspiration (PET), water balance, and daily runoff. The procedure uses the Shuffled Complex Evolution global search algorithm to calibrate the U.S. Geological Survey's Precipitation Runoff Modeling System in the Yampa River basin of Colorado. This process assures that intermediate states of the model (SR and PET on a monthly mean basis), as well as the water balance and components of the daily hydrograph are simulated consistently with measured values.     

阳光型建筑与城市可持续发展

文章介绍了阳光型建筑的特点，原理，论述了其对城市可持续发展的重大意义，并建议政府支持阳光型建筑的开发工作。     

Bigger testes do work more: experimental evidence that testis size reflects testicular cell proliferation activity in the marine invertebrate,the free-living flatworm<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Macrostomum</Emphasis> sp.

Evolutionary theory predicts that more resources are allocated to sperm production when sperm competition is high. This prediction is supported by both comparative and experimental data on static measures of male allocation, such as testis and ejaculate size. However, resource allocation is a dynamic process, and it is therefore important to evaluate if the static measures reflect this. Such an evaluation has to our knowledge never been done. Immunocytochemical labelling with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) allows visualisation of cells in S-phase. BrdU becomes incorporated into cells if, and only if, they are actively undergoing DNA duplication, which is a dynamic process. The number of BrdU-positive cells in the testis can hence serve as a dynamic measure of male allocation, i.e. testicular activity. We evaluate the relationship between testis size and testicular activity in the marine flatworm Macrostomum sp. In a previous study, we showed that testis size is phenotypically plastic in this species, and that worms make larger testes when they are raised in larger groups. We use this plasticity to experimentally produce variation in testis size, and demonstrate that larger testes are associated with higher testicular activity. Moreover, testis size and testicular activity were related linearly. We have thus, for the first time, shown that testis size is a good measure of resource allocation to the male function. Moreover, increased testicular activity is probably one of the first steps in the upregulation of sperm production. It is thus expected that testicular activity is a more sensitive measure of short-term variation in male allocation than the commonly used static measures.Communicated by N. Wedell     

Chemical recognition of queen cells by honey bee workersApis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

Summary Honey bee workers are able to nurse or to destroy and thus to recognize the capped queen cells containing a pupa. Fatty acid esters, especially methyl oleate, methyl palmitate and ethyl oleate were found in significant amounts on the queen pupal cuticle. Methyl oleate, the major component, along with smaller amounts of methyl linoleate and methyl linolenate, were involved in the recognition of queen cells by workers. In natural conditions of the colony, queen cells containing a paraffin pupal lure with methyl oleate were accepted 5.9 days by workers, releasing about 1.8 queen pupa equivalents during that period, when control cells (without ester) were kept only 2.1 days. Although these esters are non specific to honey bees, they are of great importance in social regulation of the honey bee colony.     

用于库房温湿度控制的太阳能发电系统研究

设计了采用离网光伏发电和大容量蓄电池储能为基本供电模式的智能库房温湿度监控系统,以太阳能发电系统关键技术为研究重点,分析建立了与气候条件和库房管理要求相关联的发电系统负载计算、发电系统容量计算的数学理论方法,阐述了太阳能电池板优化原理,为太阳能发电技术在库房温湿度环境控制上的应用提供了模式和方法。     

Performance of a hybrid solar collector system in days with stable and less stable radiative regime

The aim of this work is to analyse the performance of a solar energy collector system for water and air heating in real working conditions. Two coupled mathematical models have been developed. One of them describes the thermal behaviour of the Hybrid Solar Collector (HSC) and the second one describes the simultaneous operation of the HSC and of a fully mixed water storage tank. The dependence of the performance of the HSC system on the following three parameters has been studied: (1) water and air mass flow rate; (2) water pipe diameter and air channel height; (3) water storage tank volume. The mathematical models were used to evaluate the HSC system performance during 29 different days, covering all four seasons. A higher water flow rate generally enhances the thermal efficiency of the HSC system, but the enhancement became significantly smaller at higher air flow rates. Positive but small values are recommended for the difference between the fluid temperature at solar collectors exit and the water temperature in the tank. The thermal efficiency of the HSC system is higher on nearly clear sky and decreases in case the amount of clouds on the sky increases.     

硝酸-PPy/AQDS联合处理改善阳极性能的分析表征

阳极性能是影响微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cells,MFCs)性能的关键因素之一.通过吡咯聚合、蒽醌-2,6-磺酸钠盐(AQDS)掺杂以及库仑量调控将不同厚度的PPy/AQDS复合薄膜电沉积至硝酸处理的碳毡阳极上,以期整合碳毡阳极的生物亲合性、导电性及电子传递能力,同时强化阳极的这3种性能.结果表明,随着整合强度的加强,阳极性能逐步得到提升,整合阳极在阳极生物量、电导率以及交换电流密度方面优于对照组2.4~3.3倍,其中0.12 C·cm~(-2)的整合阳极表现出最高的峰值电流(2.86 m A)、最大的阳极生物量(0.44 mg·cm-2)、最大的电导率(0.33 S·cm~(-1))、最大的交换电流密度(3.65×10~(-3)A·m~(-2))以及最小的传质阻力,其对应MFC的最大功率密度达1 060.7 m W·m~(-2),是对照组的2.2倍,阳极开路电势接近-0.55V.循环伏安、电化学阻抗谱、扫描电镜和塔菲尔测试进一步揭示了PPy/AQDS复合薄膜在阳极碳纤维之间的联接、架桥作用,使得不同纤维丝之间的接触更加均匀,减小了电子在生物膜与阳极之间、阳极与外回路之间的传递阻力;同时,沉积于碳毡阳极的PPy/AQDS复合薄膜与硝酸处理后阳极表面形成的吡咯氮类官能团之间的协同作用可能是整合阳极性能提升的本质原因所在.     

Evaluation of the potential of harvesting heat energy from asphalt pavements

The potential of harvesting heat energy from asphalt pavement using a piping network with fluid flowing through it needs to be evaluated before spending a significant amount of time on planning details of design and construction. The key factors involved in this evaluation include the temperature of the pavement at the depth at which the system is being considered, as well as the temperature of the fluid used for harvesting the heat energy. Costs include those required for the system such as pumps and pipes, and cost of energy required for pumping. Taking all of the factors into consideration, a macro-enabled spreadsheet has been developed that allows the user to input air temperature data as well as pipe location and cost parameters. The end results are data on flow rate versus yearly savings and payback period. From these data, a user can easily determine whether the payback period is reasonable or not and could also evaluate the effect of the different parameters on the payback period. Examples of the results of analysis for different cities in four different parts of the USA and Singapore and Chennai, India, are presented. The payback period shows a good relationship with the latitude of the location – the period increases with an increase in latitude. The public domain location from where the spreadsheet can be downloaded is provided.