“绿水”的多角度评估及其管理研究

传统的水资源评估和管理忽视了在粮食生产和维护生态系统等方面都具有重要作用的绿水.本文引入绿水概念,并针对现有绿水评估研究中缺乏小尺度评估方法研究等问题,以碧流河上游地区为例,使用SWAT水文模型在小尺度建立了多角度评估绿水(包括绿水流和绿水贮存)的方法.并使用此方法估算得到了绿水量,绿水时空分布规律以及气候变化条件下绿水的响应规律,研究了引入绿水概念后传统水资源管理的重要革新内容.研究结果表明,使用SWAT水文模型评估流域绿水,是引入绿水概念后进行小尺度绿水评估的有效办法,值得在中国推广使用.绿水评估结果对水资源管理有重要的指导作用.绿水概念的引入为水资源的管理与决策提供了新的思路和更加科学的办法.     

A/O工艺污水处理厂FCASM3-Hydro耦合模型及现场校验

在全耦合活性污泥模型(FCASM3)基础上,考虑生物场与水力流场的相互作用,建立了A/O工艺污水处理厂FCASM3-Hydro耦合模型.通过Matlab/Simulink软件平台进行数值模拟,将A/O工艺污水处理厂FCASM3-Hydro耦合模型分别与已报道的生物场一水力场耦合模型(Lee -Hydro)以及FCASM2-Hydro耦合模型进行数值模拟对比研究.结果表明,FCASM3-Hydro耦合模型对出水中COD、NH4+-N、Nox--N、PO43--P等污染物质变化趋势的动态模拟比Lee-Hydro耦合模型更符合实际.在对出水COD的模拟上,FCASM3-Hydro与FCASM2一Hydro耦合模型的模拟值完全一致;在对出水NH4+-N和PO43--P的模拟上,FCASM3-Hydro耦合模型的动态模拟结果比FCASM2-Hydro耦合模型更贴近实测变化趋势.     

铈离子光催化降解茜素绿的性能和机理

主要研究了简单铈离子（Ce3＋）在紫外光（uv）的作用下对蒽醌染料茜素绿（AG）的光催化降解效果和反应机理。结果表明,UV／Ce3＋体系能够有效降解AG,初始反应速率随AG浓度的倒数值和Ce3＋浓度的增加而线性增加,随初始溶液pH的增加先降低后增加,在酸性条件下有很高的TOC去除率。荧光探针实验表明,反应过程中可以产生·OH自由基。UV／Ce3＋体系对其他类型染料和对硝基苯酚都有较好的降解效果。     

Performance of a subsurface-flow constructed wetland in southern China

IntroductionTheconstructedwetlandshavebecomeaglobaltechnologyforwaterpollutioncontrolbothindevelopedanddevelopingcountries(Seidal,196 6 ,1976 ;Kickuth ,1977;Cooper,1995 ;IWA ,2 0 0 0 ) .Recentinventoriesindicatedthattherearemorethan 6 0 0 0andmorethan 10 …     

Natural radioactivity in refractory manufacturing plants and exposure of workers to ionising radiation

This paper shows the results of a survey carried out at some refractory manufacturing plants. During the first part of the survey, the concentration of natural radioactivity in raw materials and end-products, coming from four plants, was assessed. Several raw materials and, as a consequence, some end-products as well have shown activity concentrations exceeding a few hundreds of Bq kg⁻¹ of ²³⁸U and ²³²Th. In some important raw materials, such as bauxite and corundums, a remarkable radioactive disequilibrium was observed; this is probably due to the high temperature processes undergone by these materials. The second part of the survey focussed on the measurements of ambient equivalent dose rates, airborne dust concentrations and radon indoor. On the basis of results obtained, the effective dose for the standard worker was estimated. Two different types of refractory plants were investigated. Effective doses for both plants were lower than 1 mSv y⁻¹.     

沉积物再悬浮对沉水植物生长的影响研究

通过室内模拟实验,研究了沉积物再悬浮对苦草(Vallisneria natans)和马来眼子菜(Potomogeton malaianus)2种沉水植物生长的影响.为期10周的实验发现,有沉积物再悬浮的处理组中,苦草的生物量显著低于对照组中(没有沉积物再悬浮)苦草的生物量;同样,沉积物再悬浮对苦草的分蘖和块茎数也产生了明显的影响;马来眼子菜的生物量和分蘖数同样受到了沉积物再悬浮的影响,但影响程度小于苦草.因此,沉积物再悬浮对沉水植物的生长、繁殖具有的抑制作用,但这种作用因种类不同而有所差异.     

基于生态绿当量的开封土地利用研究

基于生态绿当量的提出与模型的建立,计算水田、旱田、园地和林地的生态绿当量,得到研究区域的综合绿当量,并将该值与以最佳森林覆盖率的生态优化标准进行比较。对研究区域的土地利用结构进行现状评价,在此基础上对研究区域土地利用结构进行优化调整。以开封为例,针对开封土地利用问题,提出优化方案,以期达到经济、社会和生态效益的统一。     

Acceleration of Exotic Plant Invasion in a Forested Ecosystem by a Generalist Herbivore

Abstract: The successful invasion of exotic plants is often attributed to the absence of coevolved enemies in the introduced range (i.e., the enemy release hypothesis). Nevertheless, several components of this hypothesis, including the role of generalist herbivores, remain relatively unexplored. We used repeated censuses of exclosures and paired controls to investigate the role of a generalist herbivore, white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), in the invasion of 3 exotic plant species (Microstegium vimineum, Alliaria petiolata, and Berberis thunbergii) in eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) forests in New Jersey and Pennsylvania (U.S.A.). This work was conducted in 10 eastern hemlock (T. canadensis) forests that spanned gradients in deer density and in the severity of canopy disturbance caused by an introduced insect pest, the hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae). We used maximum likelihood estimation and information theoretics to quantify the strength of evidence for alternative models of the influence of deer density and its interaction with the severity of canopy disturbance on exotic plant abundance. Our results were consistent with the enemy release hypothesis in that exotic plants gained a competitive advantage in the presence of generalist herbivores in the introduced range. The abundance of all 3 exotic plants increased significantly more in the control plots than in the paired exclosures. For all species, the inclusion of canopy disturbance parameters resulted in models with substantially greater support than the deer density only models. Our results suggest that white‐tailed deer herbivory can accelerate the invasion of exotic plants and that canopy disturbance can interact with herbivory to magnify the impact. In addition, our results provide compelling evidence of nonlinear relationships between deer density and the impact of herbivory on exotic species abundance. These findings highlight the important role of herbivore density in determining impacts on plant abundance and provide evidence of the operation of multiple mechanisms in exotic plant invasion.     

Past and Present Effectiveness of Protected Areas for Conservation of Naturally and Anthropogenically Rare Plant Species

Abstract:  The Global Strategy of Plant Conservation states that at least 60% of threatened plant species should be within protected areas. This goal has been met in some regions with long traditions of plant protection. We used gap analysis to explore how particular groups of species of conservation interest, representing different types of natural or anthropogenic rarity, have been covered by protected areas on a national scale in Estonia during the last 100 years. Species-accumulation curves indicated that plant species that are naturally rare (restricted global or local distribution, always small populations, or very rare habitat requirements) needed almost twice as many protected areas to reach the 60% target as plant species that are rare owing to lack of suitable management (species depending on grassland management, moderate forest disturbances, extensive traditional agriculture, or species potentially threatened by collecting). Temporal analysis of the establishment of protected areas suggested that grouping plant species according to the predominant cause of rarity accurately reflected the history of conservation decision making. Species found in very rare habitats have previously received special conservation attention; species dependent on traditional extensive agriculture have been largely ignored until recently. Legislative initiative and new nature-protection schemes (e.g., Natura 2000, network of protected areas in the European Union) have had a positive influence on all species groups. Consequently, the species groups needing similar action for their conservation are sensitive indicators of the effectiveness of protected-area networks. Different species groups, however, may not be uniformly conserved within protected areas, and all species groups should fulfill the target of 60% coverage within protected areas.     

人工湿地中基质与植物对污染物去除效率的影响

针对太湖五里湖富营养化水体,采用中试规模的人工湿地现场实验开展了不同基质、不同植物的污染物去除效果研究。基质采用炉渣和沸石2种,在一个湿地池种植单一植物茭白,另一个湿地池种植鸢尾＋菖蒲混合植物,同时构建了无植物的对照组湿地。研究表明：（1）在运行初期,沸石和炉渣2种基质对TN、TP的去除率差异为12.5%和12.6%,吸附饱和后,2种基质对TN和TP的去除率差异缩小为3.2%和6.1%,从长期运行来看,炉渣和沸石2种基质在人工湿地中的去除效率差异将减小;（2）茭白单一植物湿地对污染物的去除率与鸢尾＋菖蒲混合植物湿地对污染物的去除率两者之间差异不大;（3）人工湿地种植植物后对TN、TP的去除率比无植物状态时分别高出13.6%和19.5%,植物在人工湿地中对污染物的去除发挥了重要作用;（4）在本试验条件下,茭白吸收所去除的氮数量为湿地氮总去除量的8.95%,茭白吸收去除磷的数量为湿地磷总去除量的20.16%,在人工湿地中,茭白吸收对磷的去除效率比对氮的去除效率高。