传统酸浸和微波酸浸处理飞灰重金属的效果及重金属的形态变化特征

采用HCl作为浸出剂,在不同的浸出条件下对垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属进行浸出试验,并采用连续提取程序对酸浸稳定化处理前后的Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn进行形态分析,研究了传统酸浸和微波酸浸对7种重金属的浸出效率及处理前后的形态变化特征.结果表明,酸浸处理能够有效地从飞灰中提取重金属,浸出效率依次为Zn≈Pb＞Cd＞Mn＞Cu＞Cr＞Ni.微波效应可以明显提高大部分重金属的浸出效率,在液固比(L/S)=25 mL/g、时间7 min和1 mol·L-1HCl条件下Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn的浸出率分别为80.17%、15.05%、58.25%、62.42%、8.88%、89.25%和93.03%.对飞灰酸浸残渣进行的连续提取实验表明,传统和微波酸浸处理后飞灰中重金属的可交换态、碳酸盐结合态和Fe-Mn氧化物结合态明显减少,重金属以残留态存在为主,飞灰稳定性显著提高.     

硫酸盐还原菌修复污染土壤过程中镉的地球化学形态分布变化

利用Tessier五步连续提取法作为分析手段,研究了硫酸盐还原菌对不同污染程度土壤中镉的地球化学形态分布的影响.研究结果表明,在受镉污染的土壤中,可交换态是镉存在的主要形态.土壤中镉在硫酸盐还原菌的作用下,总量没有发生变化,但地球化学形态发生显著变化,从不稳定的可交换态转化为更加稳定的铁锰氧化物结合态,可交换态的去除率可达60%～80%;镉形态的变化使土壤中镉的生物町利用性发生了明显的变化,易利用态的比例明显下降,达到了修复效果.在修复过程中,镉对硫酸盐还原菌活性的抑制作用不同.利用硫酸盐还原菌修复重金属污染的土壤,具有修复效率相对较高、技术简便的优点,是一种有广阔应用前景的修复方法.     

Study of heavy metal speciation in branch sediments of Poyang Lake

This study concentrates on the environmental pollution level of sediments in the six branches of Poyang Lake, the biggest fresh water lake in China. This is the first systematic report on the speciation analysis of heavy metals （Cu, Co, Cd, Pb, and Ni） in the six branches of the lake. A reported analytical procedure involving a five-step sequential extraction is used for the partition of particulating heavy metals. The sediment samples are analyzed using flame atomic absorption spectroscopy （FAAS）. Experimental results obtained from five replicate samples of fluvial bottom surface sediments at the sampling points demonstrated that the relative standard deviation of the sequential extraction procedure was generally better than 10% （Cd except）. The average extracted contents of the five elements, analyzed after all five steps, are found to be （mg/kg） for Cu： 26.89, Co： 16.25, Cd： 1.08, Pb： 37.98, and Ni： 20.46. The content of the exchangeable species was generally lower. Except Cu, the percentage of the species bond to organic matter was lower than 20%. The fractions containing the most metal for Cu, Co, and Ni were the residues （52.26%, 45.28%, and 74.82%, respectively）.     

Effects of As on As uptake,speciation, and nutrient uptake by winter wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） under hydroponic conditions

A hydroponic experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of arsenic （As） stress on growth, nutrition and As uptake, and speciation in shoots and roots of winter wheat （Triticum aestivum L.）. Winter wheat has high tolerance to As. Most As is accumulated in the roots, and an As concentration of 4,421 mg/kg was observed at a solution concentration of 20 mg/L As. Arsenic concentrations in roots were approximately 40-100 times greater than those in shoots. Arsenic in winter wheat roots and shoots occurred as both As^3＋ and As^5＋ species, although As^3＋ was the main species in winter wheat tissues. Arsenic significantly decreased the biomass of winter wheat shoots and roots and affected absorption and transport of micro- and macro-elements in winter wheat tissue. Arsenic treatment significantly increased the concentrations of total Magnesium （Mg） and calcium （Ca） in shoots and enhanced the transport of Mg and Ca from roots to shoots but decreased potassium （K）, nitrogen （N）, and phosphorus （P） concentrations in both shoots and roots, particularly the concentration of P. Concentrations of iron, copper, and zinc in winter wheat shoots were negatively related to As rates, with correlation coefficients （R^2） of 0.93, 0.94, and 0.97, respectively.     

应用化学提取法评价大气颗粒物中重金属的生物有效性

以广州市楼顶降尘为研究对象,在分析其粒度分布和重金属总量的基础上,采用单一化学提取法（DWLP、TCLP）和多级化学提取法（SEP）研究了大气颗粒物中4种重金属元素的生物有效性。结果表明：样品中96％以上颗粒小于100μm,其中10μm和2．5μm以下颗粒分别占33％和11％。大气颗粒物中重金属含量很高,Cu、Pb、Zn和Cd的平均含量分别为362．43、1033．81、830．32和5．80mg／kg,是广东省环境土壤背景值的17～64倍。单一提取法中,TCLP的提取效率明显高于DWLP,表明pH值是影响大气颗粒物中重金属释放的主要因素。SEP法结果显示,Zn和Cd的生物可利用态比例远高于Cu和Pb。经DWLP和TCLP法提取后,颗粒物中重金属的总含量有不同程度的降低,生物可利用态所占比例明显增加。通过综合分析,发现SEP此其他两种方法更适用于评价大气颗粒物中重金属的生物有效性。     

中国主要红树植物中汞含量特征与沉积物汞形态之间的关系

为了解红树植物对汞的富集能力和影响因素,对我国几种主要的红树植物的汞含量、沉积物总汞含量和形态进行了研究.结果表明,几种主要红树植物的总汞含量范围为817.5～3 197.6 ng/g,具有明显的种间差异和器官差异.秋茄汞含量为(1 579.4±1 326.8)ng/g,桐花树为(2 115.1±1 892.3)ng/g,白骨壤为(2 159.3±1 678.7)ng/g,木榄为(2 566.5±821.6)ng/g,海漆为(2 104.3±1 661.8)ng/g,无瓣海桑为(3 197.6±2 782.8)ng/g,老鼠簕为817.5±632.3 ng/g,红海榄为(1 801.8±1 255.4)ng/g.各种红树植物对汞的吸收能力的顺序为:无瓣海桑木榄白骨壤桐花树海漆红海榄秋茄老鼠簕.我国主要红树林地区表层沉积物的汞形态主要为易挥发态,其次为硫化物及有机结合态或可交换离子态,少量为碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态,残渣态少量甚至没有.只有深圳红树林沉积物中的汞以残渣态为主,其次为硫化物及有机物结合态.无瓣海桑的茎和叶,海漆叶的汞含量与易挥发态汞、可交换态汞具有显著正相关关系,而大多数红树植物的茎汞和叶汞含量与沉积物的总汞含量、不同形态汞之间并没有明显的相关性.红树植物富集的汞来源多样,且这些不同来源的汞在植物体内可能是能够迁移的.     

浙北嘉善地区土壤重金属空间分布特征与污染评价

本文对浙江省嘉善县基本农田中重金属元素含量及部分元素的形态进行了分析测定,结果表明,嘉善表层土壤中,Cd,Cu,Hg,Ni,Zn等元素含量与嘉兴市、浙北区相比较高,As较嘉兴市低、比浙北高,Cr与嘉兴市相近但高于浙北区,Pb与嘉兴市、浙北背景值相近;不同类型土壤中重金属含量不同;Hg、Cr主要以残渣态存在,而As、Cd...     

徒骇河沉水植物腐烂对上覆水体中营养盐形态变化影响

将杀青后的菹草(Potamogetoncrispus)和金鱼藻(Ceratophyllumdemersum)剪成1 cm左右分别浸泡于装有原上覆水样的烧杯中,并置于27℃和10℃的恒温培养箱中,在不同时刻测定上覆水体的pH、溶解氧(DO)和不同形态氮磷营养盐的浓度。结果表明:由于菹草和金鱼藻的腐烂分解,上覆水体pH呈现先下降后上升的变化趋势,溶解氧急剧降低,氮磷浓度增加。氮浓度的增加以有机氮为主,平均约占63%,氨氮次之,约占25%;磷浓度的增加在实验前期以颗粒态磷为主,平均约占60%,而在实验后期以可溶性总磷为主,约占65%。在27℃下,氮磷形态浓度主要呈现先上升后下降的趋势;在10℃下,氮磷形态浓度主要表现为持续上升。硝氮和亚硝氮浓度的变化与溶解氧浓度变化具有较好的一致性。     

湘江表层沉积物重金属的赋存形态及其环境影响因子分析

采用BCR三步分级提取法分析了湘江衡阳段与岳阳段表层沉积物中4种重金属（Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn）不同赋存形态的含量,阐述了重金属赋存形态及其环境影响因子的关系,评估了这4种重金属的生物有效性.结果表明,4种元素均以弱酸溶解态、可还原态和可氧化态3种可提取态为主,各元素生物有效性即可提取态含量排序为：Cd〉Pb〉Zn〉C...     

Effect of moisture regime on the redistribution of heavy metals in paddy soil

Sequential extraction procedure was applied to assess the dynamics of solid-phase transformation of added Cu, Pb, Cd, and Hg in a typical Chinese paddy soil incubated under three moisture regimes (75% field capacity, wetting-drying cycle, and flooding). The heavy metals spiked in the soil were time-dependently transferred from the easily extractable fraction (the exchangeable fraction) into less labile fractions (Fe-Mn oxide- and organic matter-bound fractions), and thus reduced lability of the metals. No significant changes were found for the carbonate-bound and residual fractions of the heavy metals in the soil during the whole incubation. Change rate of the mobility factor (MF), a proportion of weakly bound fractions (exchangeable and carbonate-bound) in the total metal of soil, reflected the transformation rate of metal speciation from the labile fractions toward stable fractions. It was found that soil moisture regime did not change the direction and pathways of transformation of metal speciation, but it significantly a ected the transformation rate. In general, the paddy soil under flooding regime had higher metal reactivity compared with 75% field capacity and wetting-drying cycle regimes, resulting in the more complete movement of metals toward stable fractions. This might be related to the increased pH, precipitation of the metals with sulfides and higher concentration of amorphous Fe oxides under submerged condition.