秸秆掩埋还田对黄淮海平原耕层土壤温度及作物生长的影响

通过大田试验,研究了作物秸秆行间掩埋配施不同类型氮肥（矿质化肥和鸡粪）下耕层土壤温度的变化及对作物生长的影响。结果表明,秸秆还田初期配施氮肥对秸秆有激发效应,能提高耕层的土壤温度,提高幅度受大气温度、降水的影响。秸秆行间掩埋配施质量分数为16%总氮的鸡粪和24%总氮的化学氮肥耕层土壤的增温效果明显,土壤温度分别上升0.7和0.8℃。秸秆行间掩埋还田对作物生长的影响因作物类型和生育期而异,从不同生育期来看,作物前期的生长受秸秆行间掩埋还田的影响最大。从作物类型来看,配施质量分数为8%、16%、24%总氮的鸡粪,拔节期冬小麦的生物量低于对照38.7%、29.4%和27.9%,3个处理分别与对照差异显著（P〈0.05）,玉米没有差异。秸秆行间掩埋配施质量分数为8%、16%、24%总氮的矿质氮肥,拔节期冬小麦的生物量低于对照25.7%、30.9%和14.1%,配施低、中量化学氮肥与对照差异显著（P〈0.05）;各处理玉米生物量高于对照0.9%、50.8%和19.8%,配施中量化学氮肥与对照有明显差异（P〈0.05）。     

单嘧磺酯的除草活性及其对玉米的安全性初探

用生物测定的方法比较了创制除草剂单嘧磺酯和其他几种磺酰脲类除草剂对稗草(Echinochloa phyllopogon(staf) Koss.)和苋菜(Acalypha australis L.)生长的影响,以明确其除草活性.盆栽试验结果表明,鲜重和株高是生物测定很好的指标,不同化学结构的磺酰脲类除草剂对杂草和作物生长的影响存在差异,单嘧磺酯对稗草和苋菜的生长有强烈的抑制作用,其除草活性与氯磺隆相当;室内研究结果表明,单嘧磺酯对玉米(Zea mayz L.)的安全性介于测定的几种磺酰脲类除草剂之间;田间试验结果表明,22.5 g·hm-2单嘧磺酯对当茬玉米的生长有一定的抑制作用,添加安全剂后,10%单嘧磺酯可湿性粉剂对玉米的出苗和生长以及产量均无显著影响.     

能源植物皇草对重金属的耐性及修复潜力

重金属污染及生态修复是环境和生态领域研究的热点和难点。皇草是重要的纤维素生物燃料和电力植物。选用皇草作为重金属污染土壤的修复植物,探讨皇草对重金属的耐性机理和对重金属污染土壤的修复效果。结果表明：皇草的株高和干重在Ni、As、Zn、Pb处理中显著高于对照处理或者与对照处理没有显著差异,但在Cr处理中显著低于对照处理。皇草在Ni、As、Zn、Pb和低浓度Cr污染土壤均能生产大量的生物质,每季产25.55~28.51 t·hm-2鲜草和8.23~9.12 t·hm-2干草。皇草叶片中MDA和POD的含量随着Cr、Ni、As和Pb浓度的升高有所增加,但CAT和SOD的活性表现出相反的趋势。在Zn的2个浓度梯度下,皇草叶片中的CAT、POD和SOD的活性均随着Zn浓度升高而下降。从重金属在皇草各器官分布来看,Cr、As和Pb的浓度为根 > 叶 > 茎;Ni和Zn为根 > 茎 > 叶。从重金属在植物叶片中的形态来看,Cr、Ni、Zn和Pb的盐酸提取态的含量较高。从重金属在亚细胞分布来看,Cr、As和Pb在皇草叶片亚细胞组分分布为细胞质 > 细胞壁 > 细胞器,Ni和Zn在皇草叶片亚细胞组分分布为细胞器 > 细胞质 > 细胞壁。皇草对重金属的富集系数和转运系数均小于1,对重金属的提取量较低,但其耐性强、生物量大,适合应用于土壤重金属污染的植物稳定技术。     

Phytoremediation of arsenic contaminated paddy soils with Pteris vittata markedly reduces arsenic uptake by rice

Arsenic (As) accumulation in food crops such as rice is of major concern. To investigate whether phytoremediation can reduce As uptake by rice, the As hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata was grown in five contaminated paddy soils in a pot experiment. Over a 9-month period P. vittata removed 3.5-11.4% of the total soil As, and decreased phosphate-extractable As and soil pore water As by 11-38% and 18-77%, respectively. Rice grown following P. vittata had significantly lower As concentrations in straw and grain, being 17-82% and 22-58% of those in the control, respectively. Phytoremediation also resulted in significant changes in As speciation in rice grain by greatly decreasing the concentration of dimethylarsinic acid (DMA). In two soils the concentration of inorganic As in rice grain was decreased by 50-58%. The results demonstrate an effective stripping of bioavailable As from contaminated paddy soils thus reducing As uptake by rice.     

Mesoscale ecohydrological modelling to analyse regional effects of climate change

Hydrological processes and crop growth were simulated for the state of Brandenburg (Germany) using the hydrological/vegetation/water quality model SWIM, which can be applied for mesoscale river basins or regions. Hydrological validation was carried out for three mesoscale river basins in the area. The crop growth module was validated regionally for winter wheat, winter barley and maize. After that the analysis of climate change impacts on hydrology and crop growth was performed, using a transient 1.5 K scenario of climate change for Brandenburg and restricting the crop spectrum to the three above mentioned crops. According to the scenario, precipitation is expected to increase. The impact study was done comparing simulation results for two scenario periods 2022–2030 and 2042–2050 with those for a reference period 1981–1992. The atmospheric CO₂ concentrations for the reference period and two scenario periods were set to 346, 406 and 436 ppm, respectively. Two different methods – an empirical one and a semi-mechanistic one – were used for adjustment of net photosynthesis to altered CO₂. With warming, the model simulates an increase of evapotranspiration (+9.5%, +15.4%) and runoff (+7.0%, +17.2%). The crop yield was only slightly altered under the climate change only scenario (no CO₂ fertilization effect) for barley and maize, and it was reduced for wheat (–6.2%, –10.3%). The impact of higher atmospheric CO₂ compensated for climate-related wheat yield losses, and resulted in an increased yield both for barley and maize compared to the reference scenario. The simulated combined effect of climate change and elevated CO₂ on crop yield was about 7% higher for the C₃ crops when the CO₂ and temperature interaction was ignored. The assumption that stomatal control of transpiration is taking place at the regional scale led to further increase in crop yield, which was larger for maize than for wheat and barley. The regional water balance was practically not affected by the partial stimulation of net photosynthesis due to higher CO₂, while the introduction of stomatal control of regional transpiration reduced evapotranspiration and enlarged notably runoff and ground water recharge.     

基于火点辐射能量的2017—2021年广西秸秆露天燃烧排放时空分析

基于2017—2021年MODIS、VIIRS和Himawari-8等多套卫星的火点辐射能量(FRE)和云量反演数据,使用更高分辨率的火点替代相邻位置低分辨率火点的融合方法,利用晴空的火点分布数据对被云遮蔽的区域进行补偿,核算得到了2 km高分辨率的广西秸秆露天燃烧排放数据,并针对2017—2021年的广西秸秆露天燃烧排放量展开精细的时空分布研究。结果表明:2017—2021年广西秸秆露天燃烧的CO、NO_x、SO₂、NH₃、VOCs、PM₁₀和PM_2.5的年排放量均值分别为12.91万、0.78万、0.16万、0.17万、2.77万、2.26万、2.21万t,排放高值区域分布在广西中部及西南部。秸秆露天燃烧排放的主要时间集中在冬、春季节(10月至次年3月),时值晚稻收割期和甘蔗榨季,占全年排放量的60%以上。广西秸秆露天燃烧PM_2.5年均排放量是全广西PM_2.5人为源年排放量的8.74%,通过逐日排放贡献分析发现,秸秆露天燃烧具有短期排放量较大的特点,2017—2021年,在1—2月有34 d出现秸秆露天燃烧导致PM_2.5排放量超过人为源排放量50%的情况。     

川西平原还田秸秆DOM对矿物细颗粒吸附SMX的影响

为探明还田秸秆溶解性有机质（DOM）对矿物细颗粒吸附磺胺甲恶唑（SMX）的影响机理,研究了矿物细颗粒吸附SMX的动力学过程以及DOM对此过程的影响,比较分析了矿物颗粒吸附前后的傅里叶变换红外光谱（FI-IR）特征.结果表明,SMX在矿物表面的吸附动力学过程符合双室一级动力学模型,表明其吸附过程存在多域吸附或多点位吸附;DOM作用下蒙脱石、钠长石和方解石的吸附量不同程度得到提升,其增量分别为28.94,28.34,2.40μg/g,而3种矿物的模型拟合度均有所降低.通过红外光谱分析,吸附后的蒙脱石较吸附前在波数3700、1600与1000cm^-1附近的尖锐吸收峰和在波数3600~3000cm^-1的宽吸收带明显减弱,而与DOM作用下波谱基本一致,DOM作用下吸附量的提升与蒙脱石溶出Al³⁺与DOM结合使得吸附位点增加有关;钠长石在吸附前后红外光谱一致,而DOM作用下在波数1013、781和460cm^-1处的吸收峰明显减弱,表明DOM被吸附于钠长石表面,通过共吸附或累积方式增加了吸附量;方解石在吸附前后以及DOM作用下红外光谱基本一致,说明DOM对方解石无影响,吸附的增量则源于DOM对SMX的结合.     

单甲脒对作物种群结构和生物量的影响

采用模拟试验方法研究新农药单甲脒对棉花,大豆种群生物量和结构的影响,结果表明,单甲脒对作物种群生物量和结构的影响因浓度和作物种类不同,与对照比较,１０００倍稀释液处理的棉花,大豆地上和地下部分生物量都高于对照,有促进作用;１０倍处理的棉花地上,地下部分生物量明显低于对照,而大豆生物量５０倍已明显低于对照,单甲脒对作物生产结构的影响,１０００,５００,１００倍处理的棉花,有一定程度促进作用,以５００     

秸秆综合利用之氨化饲料制作及饲养实践

中国是一个农业大国,随着农业现代化技术和生产水平的提高,农产品的产量和种类越来越多,因而与之相对应的农业废弃物数量也就越来越多,作为一个资源相对较紧缺的发展中国家,研究如何更好地利用这些废弃物来为人民服务是很有必要的。本文结合国内外对农业废弃物——秸秆制作饲料的最新研究及进展情况和秸秆的实际应用状况,探讨了利用秸秆制作生物饲料,并饲养奶牛的实践研究,对秸秆生产生物饲料综合利用进行了积极的探讨。