华西雨屏区典型人工林对降雨过程中NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N的过滤作用

氮沉降已成为河流、湖泊及城市等生态系统的主要污染威胁因素之一,森林生态系统能从林冠、地被和土壤自上而下截留过滤大气降雨中的NH+4-N和NO-3-N,是区域大气环境污染生态防治的重要途径.选取华西雨屏区几种典型人工林森林生态系统为研究对象,采用定位监测与室内分析相结合的研究方法,于2011年4—12月对大气降水、穿透雨、树干茎流、地表径流和地下渗滤NH+4-N和NO-3-N的含量与分配进行了研究.结果表明:观测期内40次降雨总雨量为492.72 mm,NH+4-N和NO-3-N的总沉降量分别为13.248 kg·hm-2和16.320 kg·hm-2;3种人工林林冠层对NH+4-N和NO-3-N的过滤能力表现为香樟林混交林柳杉林,而地表和土壤层均表现为混交林香樟林柳杉林;无林地、香樟林、柳杉林和混交林生态系统无机氮截留过滤净输入量分别为19.557、44.079、42.331、64.896 kg·hm-2,对无机氮的综合过滤作用表现为混交林香樟林柳杉林无林地.这些结果说明华西雨屏区合理配置混交林能更加有效地降低大气氮沉降对生态系统的影响.     

川西高海拔河流中溶解性有机质(DOM)紫外-可见光吸收光谱特征

溶解性有机质(DOM)对全球碳循环及气候变化具有重要意义.本文选取川西北4条高海拔河流,即杂谷脑河、抚边河及岷江(高山峡谷河流)与白河(高原河流),对其天然水体中有色溶解性有机质(CDOM)的紫外-可见光吸收光谱特征进行了研究与比较.结果表明,川西高海拔河流DOC变化范围为1.55~5.66 mg·L~(-1),CDOM(以a(355)表征)变化范围为0.96~6.31 m-1,荧光溶解性有机质(FDOM)(以lg Fn(355)表征)变化保持在2.08~2.83之间.与高山峡谷区河流比较,高原河流芳香性、疏水性特征常数SUVA254、SUVA260较高,吸光度之比E2/E3、光谱斜率S275~295及光谱斜率之比SR较低,揭示了高原河流CDOM芳香性较强、疏水性组分丰富、分子结构较为复杂;SUVA254、SUVA260分别与SR、S275~295呈显著负相关,表明白河由于高通量陆源腐殖质输入影响了CDOM特征.川西高原4条高海拔河流中SUVA254、SUVA260存在显著相关关系,表明芳香性结构普遍存在于河流CDOM疏水组分中.川西高原天然河流水体中CDOM与DOM的浓度之间总体上无直接关联,因为不同天然水体在DOM形成过程中,陆源DOC输入组分和强度及转化机制存在差异.研究结果对于揭示高海拔区域在全球变化背景下有机碳循环的区域效应等方面具有重要意义.     

南方土壤酸沉降敏感性研究Ⅲ.Si释放与缓冲作用

研究了模拟酸雨淋溶过程中南方主要土壤硅释放量与缓冲机理。结果表明,土壤中存在两个缓冲体系,pH值高于3.0时,土壤以初级缓冲体系为主;pH值低于3.0,尤其是离子淋溶量高于或接近CEC值后,次级缓冲体系成为主要的质子缓冲源。淋溶液pH值的降低可加速矿物风化和Si的释放,从而促进土壤中Si的淋溶,但Si的淋溶同时受到吸附、沉淀与转化过程及土壤初始条件的影响。     

中国氮氧化物排放清单及分布特征

根据能源消费历史状况和氮氧化物(NO_X)排放因子,估算了近20年来中国NO_X的排放变化,并讨论了1995～1998年分省区、分行业、分燃料的NO_X排放清单及特征.中国NOX排放总量已由1980年的4.76Mt快速增加到1996年的12.0Mt,之后,NOX排放持续增加的趋势得到遏制,1998年NO_X排放总量与1996年峰值相比下降了约0.82Mt.NO_X排放在燃料、行业及地域分布上均不平衡的特征没有根本改变:燃煤排放NO_X一直占总量的70%以上;绝大部分NO_X来自工业、电力和交通部门,约占90%左右,且交通部门NO_X排放比例逐年上升,已由1995年的10.4%快速增长到1998年的约13.0%;中东部的河北、辽宁、江苏、山东、河南、广东等省区NO_X排放量较大,均超过0.5Mt而宁夏、青海和海南等边远省区NO_X排放量很低,小于0.1Mt.     

川西高原大骨节病典型病区与饮水的相关性分析

本文通过调查川西高原大骨节病典型病区饮水水源类型和水化学特征,研究和探讨了病区不同流域、不同水源类型水的矿化度、PH值、腐植酸等与患病率的关系及病情与饮水质量的相关性,分析表明,大骨节病是诸多地质环境因素综合影响的结果,但饮水中的低矿化度、低总硬度、K＋＋Na＋、Ca2＋、Mg2＋、Cl-、SO24-、HCO3-等偏低...     

Analyzing and quantitatively evaluating the organic matter source at different ecologic zones of tidal salt marsh,North Jiangsu Province, China

In order to explore the effect of different ecological zones and their above plants in the organic matter cycling of the whole tidal salt marsh, indicators such as total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), C/N ratio, δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N of surface, core sediments, and plants of tidal salt marshes in North Jiangsu Province are analyzed. Subsequently, distribution regularities of these measurement indicators are discussed, and the biogeochemistry processes between sediments and plants are also analyzed. Lastly, the organic matter sources of different ecologic zones in tidal salt marsh are evaluated, and the organic matter accumulations in different ecologic zones induced by their plants are also compared. These results indicate that TOC, TN, C/N ratio and δ¹³C showed obvious zonal distribution. The organic matter sources are dominated by marine input in the silt flat, artemisia schrenkiana flat, and the transition zone between silt and spartina alterniflora flat, and are controlled by terrigenous input in spartina alterniflora flat. Spartina alterniflora plays an important role in the accumulation of organic matter in the whole tidal salt marshes ecosystem. In the study area, the annually increased TOC, organic matter and TN in the spartina alterniflora, artemisia schrenkiana and reed flats reach 6,451, 12,043 and 536 t, respectively. The amount of TOC, organic matter and TN accumulated in the spartina alterniflora flat is more than that in other ecological zones, which shows that the spartina alterniflora flat exert a non-replaceable effect on the material cycle and exchange in the whole tidal salt marshes ecosystem. __________ Translated from Environmental Science, 2005, 26(6): 51–56 [译自: 环境科学]     

"十三五"国家自然科学基金对能源环境管理领域的资助状况和趋势

能源环境管理是各界关注的热点话题,也是科学研究的重要方向.以国家自然科学基金资助能源环境管理领域的科研项目为基础数据信息,本文重点分析了"十三五"期间国家自然科学基金在该领域资助项目的总体特征、研究主题和热点变化,并结合新时代科学基金资助导向提出了可能的发展趋势.主要结论包括:①能源环境管理领域面上、青年、地区等自由探索类项目的立项绝对数和学科占比均呈上升趋势,并更多向青年学者倾斜,资助强度保持稳定;②碳、能源和环境是自由探索项目中出现频率最高的热词,与之相关的研究主题随着政策等调整具有动态变化特征;③能源环境管理领域重点、重大等引导类项目和优青、杰青、创新研究群体等人才类项目不断实现突破,增速明显,学科占比优势突出;④问题导向与本土情景、理论体系和一般规律、学科交叉融合,以及市场和微观主体作用是研究选题确立与项目申请时可能需要重点关注的方向.     

Economic assessment of the health effects related to particulate matter pollution in 111 Chinese cities by using economic burden of disease analysis

With China's rapid economic development, environmental problems have become more and more serious. Particulate air pollution is terrible in cities with large and dense population. It may lead to adverse health effects and economic costs. In this study, we calculated the health effects of pollution caused by particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters less than 10mum (PM(10)) in 111 Chinese cities in 2004 according to statistical data and epidemiological exposure-response functions. Using economic burden of disease analysis, an economic assessment of these health risks was also presented. In contrast to many previous studies that have examined individual cities, this study covered most large and medium-sized cities in China, which accounted for more than 70% gross domestic product (GDP) of China in 2004. The total economic cost caused by PM(10) pollution was estimated as approximately US$ 29,178.7 million. Mega cities such as Beijing, Shanghai, and Tianjin contribute relatively more to the total costs. The results will help policy makers in formulating more effective countermeasures and increasing public awareness to enhance environmental protection.     

中日农村环境管理对比及对中国的启示

日本与我国在历史上同属传统的东亚小农经济国家,在社会、经济、文化等方面的发展历程和存在的问题具有共通性。日本的农村生态环境管理随社会经济发展不断调整适应,政府也数次推动乡村振兴。对比研究中日两国农村环境管理及其背后的社会经济因素,虽然两国在农村环境管理上有相似性,但也有较大不同,我国不能完全照搬日本的农村环境管理体制机制,必须走一条适应我国国情的特色道路,循序渐进推进农业农村污染防治。在开展农村环保工作的具体举措上,日本也有较多可借鉴之处:一是以完善的法规政策体系保障农村环境管理;二是以精准的财政补贴支撑农村环境管理;三是以科学的规划和技术标准体系服务农村环境管理;四是以规范的行业和市场服务体系推动农村环境管理;五是以亲民务实的环境宣传教育助力农村环境管理。     

Characterization and control of odorous gases at a landfill site: a case study in Hangzhou, China

Municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills are one of the major sources of offensive odors potentially creating annoyance in adjacent communities. At the end of May 2007, an odor pollution incident occurred at the Tianziling landfill site, Hangzhou, China, where the residents lodged complaints about the intense odor from the landfill, which drew a significant attention from the government. In this study, ambient air monitoring was conducted at the Tianziling landfill site. The main odor composition of the gas samples collected on June 1st 2007 and the reduction of various odorous gases from the samples collected on June 1st 2009 due to the applied odor control techniques were determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In addition, variations of primary odorous gaseous (NH₃ and H₂S) concentrations at different locations in the landfill site from July 2007 to June 2009 were also investigated by using classical spectrophotometric methods. Results showed that a total of 68 volatile compounds were identified among which H₂S (56.58-579.84 μg/m³) and NH₃ (520-4460 μg/m³) were the notable odor components contributing to 4.47-10.92% and 83.91-93.94% of total concentrations, respectively. Similar spatial and temporal shifts of H₂S and NH₃ concentrations were observed and were significantly affected by environmental factors including temperature, air pressure and wind direction. Odor pollution was worse when high temperature, high humidity, low air pressure, and southeast, northeast or east wind appeared. Moreover, the environmental sampling points of the dumping area and the leachate treatment plant were found to be the main odor sources at the Tianziling landfill site. The odor control technologies used in this project had a good mitigating effect on the primary odorous compounds. This study provides long-term valuable information concerning the characteristics and control of odors at landfill sites in a long run.