下垫面高度梯度对城市灰尘分布特性及其重金属污染的影响

下垫面高度梯度对城市颗粒污染物的地球化学循环有重要的影响,不同高度下垫面上累积的灰尘可能对城市地表径流与大气颗粒物污染有重要指示作用.本文以不同高度梯度的下垫面,如路面(0 m)、公交站台(3 m)、天桥(5 m)、楼顶(20 m)上的灰尘为研究对象,揭示高度梯度对灰尘颗粒物单位面积质量、粒径组成、重金属含量和粒径污染负荷比的影响.结果表明,随着高度梯度变化,不同下垫面上灰尘颗粒物的单位面积质量之间存在显著差异(p0.05):路面((33.0±27.1)g·m~(-2))楼顶((20.6±11.7)g·m~(-2))天桥((4.4±4.0)g·m~(-2))公交站台((2.3±1.4)g·m~(-2));高度梯度对细灰尘(粒径105μm)的质量比的影响为:公交站台(49.5%)楼顶(40.8%)路面(38.6%)天桥(37.6%);6种重金属在不同高度下垫面的含量不同,其中,Cr、Cu和Ni在公交站台含量最高,Cd和Pb在楼顶含量最高,6种金属(除Cu外)均在路面含量最低.细灰尘(105μm)所占颗粒物污染负荷比为:公交站台(67.4%)楼顶(49.6%)天桥(49.2%)路面(48.1%).临时性管控措施(限行、限产等)和常规性清扫(人工清扫和机械清扫)均能减少灰尘质量,使细灰尘质量比增加,重金属污染负荷有明显削减,但对城市管理来说,后者更经济实用.     

凋落物呼吸温度敏感性的变化特征及其影响因素

地表凋落物呼吸是土壤呼吸的一个重要组成部分,研究凋落物呼吸温度敏感性的变化特征及其影响因素对准确理解地区的土壤碳循环具有重要意义.本研究在黄土高原南部的一个典型人工刺槐林内(Robinia pseudoacacia L.),通过地表凋落物控制试验(对照处理,去除凋落物处理、倍增凋落物处理),研究凋落物呼吸温度敏感性的年际(2009~2013年)变化特征及其驱动因素.凋落物呼吸温度敏感性的年际差异显著(P0.05):在对照处理下,其最小值为4.15,最大值为6.67,均值为5.10,变异系数为19%;在倍增凋落物处理下,其变化于1.17~6.52之间,均值为3.36,变异系数高达56%.凋落物呼吸温度敏感性的年际变异与年平均土壤水分、地表凋落物量以及二者的交互作用密切相关(P0.01),同时对凋落物呼吸温度敏感性的贡献呈现出土壤水分大于地表凋落物量的趋势(对照处理:2.68和2.04;倍增凋落物处理:1.37和0.69).此外,地表凋落物倍增后,凋落物呼吸温度敏感性却减少了34%(3.36和5.10).同时,在对照处理下,大约有超过50%的地表凋落物碳滞留在该刺槐林生态系统中[215 g·(m~2·a)~(-1)和113 g·(m~2·a)~(-1)],但在倍增处理下,仅有24%的地表凋落物碳滞留在该林地生态系统中[430 g·(m~2·a)~(-1)和326 g·(m~2·a)~(-1)],即在该人工刺槐林生态系统中地表凋落物的增加未必意味着土壤有机碳储量的增加.因此,探究地表凋落物控制措施、土壤水分、地表凋落物量和凋落物呼吸温度敏感性之间的关系对准确理解地区的土壤碳循环具有重要意义.     

Does your facility have a dust problem: Methods for evaluating dust explosion hazards

The hazards of dust explosions prevailing in plants are dependent on a large variety of factors that include process parameters, such as pressure, temperature and flow characteristics, as well as equipment properties, such as geometry layout, the presence of moving elements, dust explosion characteristics and mitigating measures. A good dust explosion risk assessment is a thorough method involving the identification of all hazards, their probability of occurrence and the severity of potential consequences. The consequences of dust explosions are described as consequences for personnel and equipment, taking into account consequences of both primary and secondary events.While certain standards cover all the basic elements of explosion prevention and protection, systematic risk assessments and area classifications are obligatory in Europe, as required by EU ATEX and Seveso II directives. In the United States, NFPA 654 requires that the design of the fire and explosion safety provisions shall be based on a process hazard analysis of the facility, process, and the associated fire or explosion hazards. In this paper, we will demonstrate how applying such techniques as SCRAM (short-cut risk analysis method) can help identify potentially hazardous conditions and provide valuable assistance in reducing high-risk areas. The likelihood of a dust explosion is based on the ignition probability and the probability of flammable dust clouds arising. While all possible ignition sources are reviewed, the most important ones include open flames, mechanical sparks, hot surfaces, electric equipment, smoldering combustion (self-ignition) and electrostatic sparks and discharges. The probability of dust clouds arising is closely related to both process and dust dispersion properties.Factors determining the consequences of dust explosions include how frequently personnel are present, the equipment strength, implemented consequence-reducing measures and housekeeping, as risk assessment techniques demonstrate the importance of good housekeeping especially due to the enormous consequences of secondary dust explosions (despite their relatively low probability). The ignitibility and explosibility of the potential dust clouds also play a crucial role in determining the overall risk.Classes describe both the likelihood of dust explosions and their consequences, ranging from low probabilities and limited local damage, to high probability of occurrence and catastrophic damage. Acceptance criteria are determined based on the likelihood and consequence of the events. The risk assessment techniques also allow for choosing adequate risk reducing measures: both preventive and protective. Techniques for mitigating identified explosions risks include the following: bursting disks and quenching tubes, explosion suppression systems, explosion isolating systems, inerting techniques and temperature control. Advanced CFD tools (DESC) can be used to not only assess dust explosion hazards, but also provide valuable insight into protective measures, including suppression and venting.     

北京市燃气事故风险评估与控制对策

对北京市近年来的燃气状况进行了分析,从燃气系统存在的风险源出发,找出了北京市燃气系统存在的风险以及衍生和次生灾害;运用系统安全分析的＂人-机-环-管＂理论,考虑了燃气设施及管理的风险承受力和控制力,找出了影响燃气突发事件风险发生的可能性因素和后果严重性因素,从而建立了风险可能性和后果严重性的指标体系;利用风险矩阵从多角度对城八区天然气管网系统进行风险评估,确定风险等级,提出了防止燃气事故发生的安全防范措施,以增强北京燃气设施的安全稳定运行。     

造船门式起重机常见事故规律分析与对策研究

随着我国船舶工业的快速发展,船舶修造行业的主要配套设备—大型造船门式起重机也迅速增长,由于这类起重机具有结构庞大、工作环境复杂等特点,因此在使用过程中极容易发生事故。通过对造船起重机发生的常见事故进行分析与研究,得出发生事故的主要原因,并提出相应的预防措施。     

江油市降水pH值的时间分布特征及控制对策

根据江油市2001～2009年的监测资料,首次分析江油市降水PH值的状况和变化.在降水酸碱类型的频率分布统计特征的基础上,探讨江油市降水pH值的季节分布特征及夏季酸雨的成因,并提出控制措施.     

煤矿企业安全管理的代理成本影响因素及激励措施研究

为减少煤矿企业的代理成本,激励代理人的努力程度,从信息对称和信息不对称2个层面建立煤矿集团委托人和代理人之间的委托代理模型。并通过对2个模型的比较分析发现,代理成本的影响因素主要是由煤矿代理人的风险厌恶程度、事故发生的高度不确定性和努力的边际成本难以提高等3个因素决定的。从代理成本的3个影响因素角度出发,给出促进煤矿代理人努力开展安全管理的激励措施。     

基于FTA法的电动车火灾事故的分析

本文利用FTA(事故树)法分析了电动车弓l发火灾事故的主要原因.通过建立电动车引发火灾的事故树,并计算事故树的最小割集,最小径集与基本事件的结构重要度,从而提出预防火灾的安全防范措施.     

美国农业面源污染控制生态补偿机制与政策措施

简要概述农业面源污染控制的环境经济相关理论,回顾了美国农业面源污染治理的历程及＂最佳管理实践措施＂,并分别从财政补偿、政策补偿、技术补偿、项目补偿四个方面分析研究美国生态补偿机制与政策措施的经验,从而提出对中国农业面源污染控制的启示。重视激励促进作用,运用多种有效手段,构建监督执行机制,完善技术保障体系等对中国农业面源污染控制生态补偿机制与政策措施的建立和实施具有重要的现实意义。     

硫化氢气体检测方法及安全防范措施＊

文章介绍了硫化氢气体的物理性质、来源及其对人体和设备的危害,阐述国家标准、行业标准所规定的硫化氢气体测定方法及常用快速化学分析方法,介绍了钻井现场常用硫化氢监测仪器,并提出一些人身安全防范措施以及现场急救措施。