初始温度和压力对排污空间甲烷-空气混合物爆燃特性影响的模拟研究

市政排污空间作为城市公共基础设施的重要组成部分，易积聚可燃气体形成爆炸性环境。结合排污空间的特殊环境条件，采用Fluidyn-MP多物理场数值模拟软件，建立了20 L球形爆炸罐分析模型，通过改变初始温度和初始压力，对排污空间甲烷-空气混合物爆燃特性及其变化规律进行模拟研究。结果表明:初始温度升高导致甲烷-空气混合物最大爆炸压力降低，缩短了到达最大爆炸压力的时间；初始压力增加导致最大爆炸压力急剧升高，并延长了到达最大爆炸压力的时间；最大爆炸压力对初始压力的敏感程度远大于初始温度的影响。此外，随着初始温度和初始压力的升高，爆炸火焰平均传播速度增加，而火焰传播速度对初始温度较敏感。     

期权理论在排污权初始分配中的应用

排污权交易是当前总量控制目标下最具潜力的环境政策,它兼有环境质量保障和成本效率优化的特点.在对国内外排污权交易和初始分配充分考察的基础上,提出了在排污权初次分配中引入期权机制的尝试,并对这种方法的理论基础作了分析和讨论.     

Tolerance of calluna vulgaris and peatland plant communities to sulphuric acid deposition

Critical loads offer a unique way of evaluating impacts of acid deposition by quantifying environmental sensitivity. The critical loads of acidity for UK peat soils have been based upon an arbitrary reduction in pH of 0.2 units. This chemical shift needs to be better related to adverse effects on sensitive biological receptors. It is known that effective precipitation pH equates closely to soil solution pH, and the latter is directly linkable to biotic effects of pH change. On continuation of a long-term experiment assessing impacts of simulated acid rain on peat microcosms in a realistic outdoor environment, Calluna vulgaris continued to flourish at acid deposition loads well above the existing critical load. Calluna plants were harvested and analysed, and acid deposition treatments to the microcosms continued to allow natural vegetation to regenerate. A diverse mixture of moorland plants and bryophytes established at acidity treatments well above the existing critical load, and only a very high acid load resulted in no natural regeneration. A critical effective rain pH value of 3.6 is suggested as a basis for setting critical loads. At this pH, Calluna grows well, and a healthy diverse vegetation community re-establishes when harvested. It is suggested that the peat critical load should be set at the acid load that, at any specific site, would result in a mean effective precipitation pH of 3.6.     

pH值对亚硝酸盐氧化菌动力学及功能基因的影响

为探究pH值对亚硝酸盐氧化菌（NOB）活性动力学影响,本试验采用序批式活性污泥（SBR）反应器,以富含NOB的活性污泥为对象,基于Monod模型考察不同pH值对NOB活性动力学的影响并进行统计学分析.结果表明,Monod方程可较好地反映不同pH值条件下基质底物浓度对NOB比亚硝态氮氧化速率（SNiOR）的影响,且pH=7.0时动力学参数Ks为（6.167mg/L）,r_max为[1.134g/（g·d）],此时NOB活性最好.利用钟形经验模型进行非线性回归拟合,最大比降解速率（r_max）随pH值的增大呈钟形变化,本试验NOB的最佳pH值为（6.9±0.1）,其中r_max维持在r_opt一半以上的pH值范围（ω）为（3.26±0.4）.以亚硝酸盐氧化还原酶类基因（nxrA、nxrB）为引物,基于荧光定量PCR技术分析结果显示,在不同pH值条件下nxrA基因和nxrB基因拷贝数的变化趋势均与动力学参数（Ks、r_max）的规律一致,且nxrA和nxrB基因在系统的降解过程中起协同作用.     

Influence of environmental factors on arsenic accumulation and biotransformation using the aquatic plant species Hydrilla verticillata

Hydrilla verticillata(waterthyme) has been successfully used for phytoremediation in arsenic(As) contaminated water.To evaluate the effects of environmental factors on phytoremediation,this study conducted a series of orthogonal design experiments to determine optimal conditions,including phosphorus(P),nitrogen(N),and arsenate(As(Ⅴ))concentrations and initial pH levels,for As accumulation and biotransformation using this aquatic plant species,while also analyzing As species transformation in culture media after 96-hr exposure.Analysis of variance and the signal-to-noise ratio were used to identify both the effects of these environmental factors and their optimal conditions for this purpose.Results indicated that both N and P significantly impacted accumulation,and N was essential in As species transformation.High N and intermediate P levels were critical to As accumulation and biotransformation by H.verticillata,while high N and low P levels were beneficial to As species transformation in culture media.The highest total arsenic accumulation was(197.2±17.4) μg/g dry weight when As(V) was at level 3(375μg/L),N at level 2(4 mg/L),P at level 1(0.02 mg/L),and pH at level 2(7).Although H.verticillata is highly efficient in removing As(Ⅴ) from aquatic environments,its use could be potentially harmful to both humans and the natural environment due to its release of highly toxic arsenite.For cost-effective and ecofriendly phytoremediation of As-contaminated water,both N and P are helpful in regulating As accumulation and transformation in plants.     

纳米涂层/铝合金在不同pH值的海水溶液中的腐蚀行为研究

目的评价纳米涂层/铝合金在不同pH值海水溶液中的腐蚀行为。方法通过测试纳米涂层/铝合金试样在不同pH值海水溶液中的EIS值,分析试样阻抗谱图及Bode谱图的演化规律,建立不同EIS图谱的不同电极阻抗模型,并采用ZView软件解析涂层体系不同时期的电化学阻抗谱,获得涂层电阻的变化趋势,及不同pH值海水浸泡的纳米涂层体系腐蚀失效速度。结果随着浸泡时间的增加及pH值的降低,纳米涂层/铝合金体系腐蚀损伤失效速率在浸泡前期整体趋势增大,但中后期由于腐蚀产物逐渐堵塞了涂层的微孔,腐蚀介质向铝合金表面渗透的速率逐渐减小。结论 pH为2.0海水浸泡下的3涂层失效最快,其次是pH为4.0海水浸泡下的2涂层,最后为p H为6.0海水浸泡下的1涂层,该涂层体系应采用等效电路模型C进行拟合。     

降水和风对大气PM2.5、PM10的清除作用分析

对合肥2015—2017年的降水、风和PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)浓度观测数据统计研究发现,降水对PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)有一定的清除作用,尤其在秋冬季节.秋冬季节小雨、中雨分别导致PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)浓度降低23.1%、40.4%和32.0%、63.7%.雨日PM_(2.5)/PM_(10)比例上升8.4%,表明降水对PM_(10)清除作用更显著.降水前后PM_(2.5)浓度变化与降水前PM_(2.5)浓度、降水强度、降水时长密切相关.当降水强度大于4 mm·h~(-1)或PM_(2.5)初始浓度高于115μg·m~(-3)时,降水对PM_(2.5)产生明显清除作用;而降水强度小于1 mm·h~(-1)或PM_(2.5)初始浓度低于115μg·m~(-3)时由于吸湿增长作用极易造成PM_(2.5)浓度反弹升高;且持续3 h以上雨强介于1～4 mm·h~(-1)的降水也对PM_(2.5)产生清除作用.降水前后PM_(10)浓度变化与初始浓度密切相关,而与雨强相关性较弱.当PM_(10)初始浓度大于50μg·m~(-3),降水就对PM_(10)产生明显清除作用,且PM_(10)初始浓度越高,降水后PM_(10)浓度下降越多.风速大于2 m·s~(-1)可显著降低PM_(2.5)浓度,因此,当风速大于4 m·s~(-1)时合肥较少出现中度及以上污染,但易造成地面起尘,使PM_(10)浓度不降反升.合肥冬季严重污染主要出现在西北风向,夏季中度以上污染天气较少,主要出现在风速低于3 m·s~(-1)的东南风向.     

南昌市一次降水自动监测结果的综合分析

利用降水自动监测仪和空气自动监测系统的同步监测结果,分析了一次34 5mm连续降水中全过程的pH、EC和同期SO2、PM10、NO2的变化情况。降水中pH值为7 23～4 08、EC为488 8～7 6μS cm,pH、EC在降水初期变化较大。pH与EC、SO2呈现负相关趋势,降水过程中PM10、NO2基本保持较低水平,SO2变化较大。     

珠江三角洲地区酸雨污染趋势初探

本文从珠江三角洲地区酸雨监测数据资料入手，对本地区酸雨状况及其趋势进行探讨，研究结果表明，本地区酸雨依然严重，且广泛存在。     

UASB系统中pH值与污泥浓度控制的探讨

介绍了啤酒生产废水处理工艺UASB系统,分析了pH值、污泥量对UASB系统的影响,并提出了保证出水水质达标的措施.