中国农村居民煤炭消费及影响因素研究

农村居民煤炭消费牵涉到农村居民生活方式与能源转型、北方供暖清洁化改革、大气污染治理等重大改革实践,如何准确理解和研判现有的农村居民煤炭消费现状,并进而识别出科学、有效的减煤措施,已成为改善农村居民能源结构、治理农村地区煤炭消费、改善北方地区大气质量的重要手段之一。然而,现有对农村居民煤炭消费的统计数据可能存在一定低估,基础性数据的匮乏与不足严重阻碍了科学研究和公共决策。为了准确了解我国农村居民煤炭消费的现状、特征与空间分布,本文采用第三次中国家庭能源消费调查数据对农村居民的煤炭消费进行了核算,并针对户均煤炭消费量和地区农村居民煤炭消费总量进行了比较,在此基础上还考察了气候差异、资源禀赋、收入水平等因素对农村居民煤炭需求的影响。研究结果表明,2014年中国农村居民生活用煤炭消费总量为6 585.7万tce,平均每户煤炭消费量为347.2 kgce,其中供暖用煤占比96.9%,烹饪用煤占比3.1%。各省的户均煤炭消费和煤炭消费总量呈现显著的空间差异,其中:东北、西部地区农村居民户均煤炭消费量显著高于其他地区,北京及周边的河北、山东、山西、内蒙、辽宁和天津7个省、市的农村居民共消费了全国55%的农村生活用煤,其中北京周边的河北、山东和山西三省农村居民消费了全国46.6%的农村煤炭消费。地区煤炭资源禀赋、农村居民住房面积与供暖用煤需求显著正相关,而冬季户外温度、居民收入水平同煤炭需求之间关系不显著。未来政府应通过改善农村居民民生需求、推动农村能源转型、提高农村能源统计水平等途径来有效治理农村散煤消费。     

建筑供暖节能与改善环境

提高供暖技术,减少供暖能耗对节约能源与改善建筑热环境起着重要作用,本文阐述了目前我国供暖技术及耗能现状,提出在改善居住热环境前提下,面向21世纪供暖技术发展对策。     

重庆村镇住宅热湿环境现状及评价

通过对重庆地区村镇住宅的实地调研和村镇典型住宅温湿度连续监测,获得了重庆地区村镇住宅的主要围护结构形式以及典型房屋2010年1～9月的室内热湿环境状况,并利用重庆地区自然通风适应性热舒适性评价模型进行了分析。结果表明：现有墙体热工性能最好的是180红砖内外水泥砂浆抹灰外贴瓷砖形式,测试房屋冬季室内最低温度为83℃,最高相对湿度为962%,夏季室内最高温度为344℃,最高相对湿度为99%。监测数据中相对湿度大于70%的时数占总测试时数的93%。住宅围护结构的冷热抵御能力和湿舒适湿卫生条件都很差。采暖季节室内达到舒适只有2 d,空调季节有58 d,村镇地区围护结构冬季保温要求比夏季隔热显得更为突出     

城镇化下北方省区集中供暖耗煤及节能潜力分析

当前,我国正在大力推进城镇化建设,这将导致北方省份集中供暖耗煤大幅增长,给节能减排工作带来新的挑战,有必要通过科学评估未来的供暖耗煤量及其节能潜力对这一问题给予回答。本文首先通过回归分析发现供暖面积和能耗效率分别显著地正向和负向影响着耗煤量,然后对城镇化下的集中供暖人口的演变轨迹进行分析,进而划分出棚户区居民、老楼房居民、新楼房居民和流动暂住居民等供暖人群,构建出各群体人口增长及其供暖面积的核算模型,并预测出2011-2025年间各地的供暖人口及供暖面积,最后结合现实情境、节能情境Ⅰ(住房保暖水平改造)和Ⅱ(取暖用能效率改造)的单位耗煤量核算出各地供暖耗煤量及其节能潜力。研究结果表明:与2011年相比,2025年的北方城市集中供暖人口数量将增长0.41亿人,相应地供暖面积将增长23.10亿m2,由此引发的煤炭消耗量将达到1.52亿吨标煤(tce),增长了0.48亿tce,而在节能情境Ⅰ和Ⅱ中,煤炭消耗量将仅为0.90和0.68亿tce,节煤效果非常显著;分省区来看,山东和辽宁都一直是供暖耗煤大省,但所占份额将会有所下降,而黑龙江、河南和吉林等省份的城镇化进程更快,供暖耗煤量也将快速上升,其它省份的供暖耗煤增长相对稳健;以2011和2012年为基准的预测结果精度检验证明了以上结果的可靠性。由此说明,虽然大力实施城镇化将带来供暖面积的增加,引发北方地区对供暖耗煤的刚性需求,但如果房屋保暖和用能效率等节能水平真正达到国家标准,供暖耗煤并不会比现有水平大幅增加,反而会略有减少,表明城镇化下的供暖耗煤并不会给节能减排工作带来新的压力,当前的工作重点应集中于节能措施的推广应用。     

经济发达地区水环境约束分区与产业准入研究——以无锡市区为例

随着发达地区经济社会的快速发展,水污染物排放量急剧增加,致使区域水环境不断恶化,并成为制约区域经济社会发展的重要因素。为了协调水环境与经济发展间的关系,许多国家开展水环境功能区划研究,为流域管理和调控提供科学依据,但是这些研究大多以水体为对象,较少关注水陆空间联系以及水环境承载能力对区域产业布局的限制,忽视了经济社会发展对水环境胁迫作用。为此,综合考虑水环境容量和压力两方面要素,提出水环境约束分区方法,并以无锡市区为例讨论了分区评价单元划分、指标选择与处理等技术方法,通过水环境容量和水环境压力的矩阵分析,将研究区划分为高压高容区、高压低容区、低压高容区和低压低容区等4种类型区,据此提出产业准入与布局调整导向。研究结果可为协调区域产业发展与水环境关系、制定差别化的产业准入政策提供科学依据。     

基于关联矩阵的土地利用导向分区研究

研究探讨土地利用开发与生态保护之间的联动耦合关系,建立土地利用开发-保护二维关联矩阵;提出在ArcGIS支持下,基于土地利用开发-保护二维关联矩阵实现土地利用导向分区的方法与技术路线,选择位于北京东部发展带的重要结点河北省廊坊市为实证研究区,开展土地利用导向分区的方法与实证研究,并提出基于土地利用导向分区的廊坊市土地利用策略,以期为区域合理配置土地资源提供理论与方法依据,希望对研究区以至相关区域可持续发展有所帮助.研究主要结论和建议:①实证研究结果表明土地利用开发-保护二维关联矩阵是进行土地利用导向分区行之有效的方法,分区结果能基本反映廊坊市经济社会发展战略实际情况;研究提出的矩阵构建思路以及基于土地利用开发-保护关联矩阵在ArcGIS中实现土地利用导向分区的操作路线和方法具有普适性;②根据土地利用开发-保护二维关联矩阵划分出廓坊市四个土地利用导向区:重点开发利用区、适度开发利用区、适度保护用地区与重点保护用地区;③提出基于土地利用导向分区的廊坊市土地利用策略:重点开发利用区,推荐点-轴开发模式;适度开发利用区,采用集群发展模式;适度保护用地区,实行点状集约利用开发模式;重点保护用地区,采用疏解保护模式.     

黄土丘陵土石山区土地综合整治分区研究

土地整治分区是土地整治科学合理、经济发展的前提与基础,本文从系统论角度,结合中国晋南黄土丘陵土石山区自然资源禀赋与经济社会发展特点,引入多目标(生态保护、土地利用、经济发展)、多尺度(工程、流域、县乡)整治思想,兼顾草本灌木植被生态保护、土壤抗侵蚀要求,以行政村为单元,采用聚类分析法,开展了晋城市泽州县的县域土地综合整治分区划定。研究表明,该类地区以地貌为主要因子,结合植被类型、土壤分布特征,以保水、保肥与保土为重点,划分为:低中山草灌褐土整治区,低中山、丘陵褐土性土整治区;平原褐土性土、红黏土整治区,丘陵褐土性土整治区及低中山草灌、褐土性土整治区五类区域,研究结果对此类地区的土地整治具有指导作用。     

中国城市化质量综合评价及其时空特征

改革开放以来,中国城市发展取得了举世瞩目的成就,常住人口城市化率已经超过了世界平均水平,然而这种高速发展也带来了"半城市化"、城乡发展不平衡、城市发展缺乏可持续性等一系列问题,其根源是对城市化内涵认识不足,仅考虑了城市化"量"的层面,而忽视了对城市化"质"的考量。基于此,文章通过探索城市化质量的内涵,从城市自身发展质量、城市化推进效率、城乡一体化程度和城市可持续发展能力四个方面构建了城市化质量的综合评价指标体系。首先运用"纵横向"拉开档次法对中国及各省市1985—2015年的城市化质量进行综合评价与分析,然后采用探索性空间数据分析方法揭示各地区城市化质量的时空关联演变特征,结果发现:(1)中国城市化质量随时间推移呈逐步提高的趋势,但是地区之间发展差距较大,东部沿海地区城市化质量明显优于中西部地区。(2)在反映城市化质量的四个维度中,城市自身发展质量较好,但是城市经济发展质量和环境质量有待改善;城市化推进效率受资本、土地、能源利用效率的制约,略微有所下降;城乡一体化程度呈现出先恶化后改善的趋势;城市可持续发展能力呈下降趋势。(3)城市化质量呈现出较明显的全局空间正相关性,但是局部空间集聚类型存在明显的东西差异,高-高集聚区数量增多,集中在东部沿海地区,低-低集聚区处于动态变化中,分布在西部地区,低-高集聚区主要位于河北、安徽、江西以及贵州等地,高-低集聚区则包括新疆、湖北、四川等。最后指出,中国城市化质量的提升必须综合考虑各种因素,一方面要因地制宜地制定差异化的城市化策略,另一方面要优化空间布局,发挥地区之间的协同作用,促进城市化质量的全面提升。     

南京地域人口发展功能分区

在GIS技术支持下,以南京市137个乡镇（街道）为基本评价单元,从人居环境约束性和适宜性两方面出发,探讨市域尺度上人口发展功能分区的研究思路、指标体系构建及研究方法。强调让人居环境适宜性好、资源环境承载力高、社会经济发展能力强的地区吸纳更多的人口;而人居环境约束性高、资源环境承载力有限、生态环境脆弱的地区承担更多的农业生产和生态服务功能,限制人口规模的扩大,以此协调人口发展与资源环境、社会经济之间的关系。在综合评价南京市人居环境约束性和适宜性分区基础上,依据二维判别矩阵,将南京市域划分为人口集聚区、人口稳定区、人口培育区、人口疏散区、人口限制区等五大类型区,并针对不同类型区域提出了相应的保障措施,以此为市域人口合理布局提供依据.     

基于自然生态单元的中国城乡建设用地空间格局特征分析

基于经济和社会视角的国家尺度城市空间格局研究取得重要进展,而全国城市空间格局的自然生态关联性呈现新的研究需求。由此通过自然生态单元等级划分并与城乡建设用地叠加,揭示了全国城乡建设用地在自然生态单元的空间格局特征及其主要问题:在一级生态功能区中,生态调节区面积最广,主要分布在我国西北、西南和东北等生态脆弱地区,但其内部城乡建设用地占比最小仅为0.69%,产品提供区城乡建设用地的占比为2.74%,人居保障区面积最小且集中分布在我国东部沿海地区,但其城乡建设用地占比最大,高达11.20%;城乡建设用地在自然生态单元的分布差异总体由自然地貌与大河流域特征决定,城镇群区、农产品提供区和土壤保持区占据79.54%的城乡建设用地,位于平原水网、丘陵、喀斯特和丹霞等地貌特征为主的胡焕庸线东南部;城乡建设用地分布格局也表现为东多西少,与我国三大阶梯的地势格局分布较为一致;上述格局关联性体现了人和环境之间的相互依存关系,但近些年来在开发需求膨胀和工程技术进步等人为因素驱动下,城乡建设用地呈现向较高海拔地区的扩张趋势。这为新型城镇化背景下城乡可持续发展和生态安全格局构建提供基础信息,也为辨识中国城市空间组织和演化机理提供技术支撑。     

Emission of ammonia from indoor concrete wall and assessment of human exposure

Addition of urea-based antifreeze admixtures during cement mixing can make it possible to produce concrete cement in construction of buildings in cold weather; this, however, has led to increasing indoor air pollution due to continuous transformation and emission from urea to gaseous ammonia in indoor concrete wall. It is believed that ammonia is harmful to human body and exposure to ammonia can cause some serious symptoms such as headaches, burns, and even permanent damage to the eyes and lungs. In order to understand the emission of ammonia from indoor concrete wall in civil building and assess the health risk of people living in these buildings, the experimental pieces of concrete wall were first prepared by concreting cement and urea-based antifreeze admixtures to simulate the indoor wall in civil building in this work. Then environmental chamber was adopted for studying the effect of temperature, relative humility and air exchange rate on emission of ammonia from experimental pieces of concrete wall. Also the field experiment was made at selected rooms in given civil buildings. Exposure and potential dose of adult and children exposed to indoor/outdoor ammonia in summer and in winter are calculated and evaluated by using Scenario Evaluation Approach. The results indicated that high air exchange rate leads to decreased ammonia concentration, and elevation of temperature causes increasing ammonia concentration and volatilizing rate in chamber. The complete emission of ammonia from the wall containing urea-based antifreeze admixtures needs more than 10 years in general. Ventilating or improving air exchange can play a significant role in reducing ammonia concentration in actual rooms in field experiments. Urea-based antifreeze admixtures in concrete wall can give rise to high exposure and potential dose, especially in summer. Generally, adults have a high potential dose than children, while children have personal average dose rate beyond adults in the same conditions.     

鄱阳湖生态经济区近60年极端温度事件变化特征研究

利用环鄱阳湖生态经济区6站逐日气象数据,建立了该区1952~2011年近60 a极端温度事件演化序列。研究表明：（1） 环鄱阳湖生态经济区极端高、低温事件线性趋势分别为04、-27 d/10 a;冷、热日持续指数线性趋势分别为-04、-24 d/10 a;（2）近60 a间,环鄱阳湖生态经济区内极端温度事件表现出两个明显的高频数（不稳定阶段）和低频数（稳定阶段）。其中极端高温事件和热日持续指数两个阶段分别为：1952~1979年和1980 ~2002年;极端低温事件和冷日持续指数两个阶段分别为：1952~1985年和1986~2007年;（3）近60 a以来,极端高温事件和热日持续指数在1970s晚期至1980s初期发生了较大变化,此前主要表现为叠加在弱准12~13 a周期下的强准7 a周期,之后主要表现为准9 a周期,并有不连续的4~5 a周期;极端低温日数和冷日持续指数周期性在1950s~1990s表现为弱11~12 a周期,1970s晚期至1990s则表现为弱准5 a周期;（4）环鄱阳湖生态经济区内极端低温事件是气候变暖背景下对冬季风强度的敏感响应,极端低温事件的高频数（强烈波动）主要发生在强冬季风背景下,弱冬季风条件下则出现相反情况。而极端高温事件与夏季风强度关系复杂的多,其原因尚待进一步研究     

湖南省冷空气影响特征

基于1961～2016年湖南省97个地面气象观测站逐日最低气温资料,依据GB/T 20484-2017统计分析湖南省的冷空气活动特征,结果表明:(1)影响湖南的冷空气,其活动周期为3～4 d,并以弱冷空影响为主,占总次数的87.4%;强冷空气和寒潮活动主要发生在春、冬季;冷空气影响次数在空间上呈北多南少分布,较强冷空气以上等级影响次数呈北少南多分布。(2)冷空气影响次数的空间分布存在明显的季节性变化, 1～5、10～12月自北向南递减;6、9月表现为调整期;7～8月呈现为自北向南递增。(3)1961～2016年冷空气影响次数无明显趋势变化,但年代际变化特征明显;强冷空气影响次数则存在显著减少趋势。(4)1961～2016年冷空气过程降温幅度呈显著减少趋势,冷空气过程持续时间呈不显著增加趋势;冷空气过程影响湖南的持续时间基本在5 d之内,降温幅度≥8℃、10℃、12℃的冷空气过程持续时间以3 d占比最大。(5)与1961～1980年相比,1981～2010年湖南大部分县(市)的平均降温幅度减少,平均过程降温持续时间在增加。     

Climate change impacts,vulnerability and adaptive capacity of the electrical energy sector in Cyprus

The purpose of this study was to investigate the climate change impacts, vulnerability and adaptive capacity of the electrical energy sector in Cyprus. Spatial vulnerability of the island was assessed using the degree-day indicator to investigate heating and cooling demands in the near future using daily temperature projections from regional climate models (RCMs). Using daily electrical energy consumption data for the present climate, an impact model linking consumption and temperature was constructed and this relationship was projected to the future climate using the data from the RCMs and assuming the same technology use. Our impact model results showed that for the period between November and April (‘cold period’), a decreasing trend in electrical energy consumption is evident due to warmer conditions in the near future, while for the period between May and October (‘warm period’), an increasing trend in electricity consumption is evident as warmer conditions dominate by 2050. Regarding the spatial vulnerability assessment, the cooling degree-day indicator testified that major increases in cooling demand, between 100 and 200 degree-days, are expected in inland and southern regions during the summer in the near future. In addition, increases of about 20–50 degree-days are anticipated during autumn. Conversely, energy demand for heating is projected to decrease during spring and winter, especially in the higher elevation parts of the island. More precisely, reductions of about 30–75 degree-days are projected during spring, while greater reductions of about 60–90 degree-days are expected during winter in heating demand, especially for in the near future. The ability of the energy sector to adapt and follow these changes was deemed to be satisfactory reducing the overall vulnerability of the sector to future climate change.     

Changes in indoor climate after tightening of apartments

The effect of reduced air infiltration rate caused by energy-saving measures has been studied by comparing the indoor climate in 25 sealed apartments with the conditions in 25 unsealed apartments in four seasonal periods. The indoor temperature in bedrooms during February and March was 19.3 °C in sealed apartments and 17.8 °C in unsealed apartments, and the occupants in the sealed apartments correspondingly complained less frequently of draught problems during the winter. When the frequency of window opening was at its minimum (February–March), there was a higher indoor humidity in sealed compared with unsealed apartments, and this probably accounts for an increased occurrence of house-dust mites in dust from the sealed apartments during the winter. Also in February–March there was a slight increase in the concentration of suspended particulate matter in sealed apartments. Considering health effects of a reduced air infiltration rate, it can be predicted that the increased indoor air humidity will indirectly increase the frequency and severity of house-dust mite allergy in the population.     

长江中下游冬小麦春季湿渍害灾损风险评估

春季湿渍害对南方冬小麦生长发育和产量形成影响很大。选取能较好反映冬小麦湿渍害特征的降雨量、日照和作物需水量构建湿渍害气象判别指数,从春季湿渍害产量实际损失的角度,对受灾频率、因灾减产频率、产量损失风险强度进行分析,基于减产频率和产量灾损风险强度建立风险评估模型,并依据风险值大小进行分区。结果表明:沿江江南地区冬小麦春季湿渍害受灾频率最高,为风险高值区,约占全区台站27%;风险中值区范围较大,约占47%,分布在江淮东部、淮北大部、江汉平原以及鄂东南地区;低风险区约占全区16%,主要分布在湖北北部和淮北局部地区。     

Ventilation behaviour and indoor air problems in different types of newly built dwellings

In four types of newly built single family dwellings and in apartments of a block of flats in the Netherlands, the behaviour and motivations of the occupants are studied with respect to their response to heating and ventilation, as well as their judgment on indoor air and climate variables such as tobacco smoke, cooking smells, vapour, mould, dryness, draft and temperature. Knowing the behaviour of the occupants and the building characteristics, estimates are made on the air flows through the dwellings and these air flows are related to stated indoor air and climate problems. The results from the field studies provide recommendations for architects and developers of dwellings and installations and to researchers working on this type of field study. A thesis is proposed that people still define something as a problem, if the resolution offered to solve the problem is also experienced as undesirable.     

Emissions from heated indoor dust

Settled indoor dust was collected from a university building, and the fine fraction was heated in the temperature range of 50-250 degrees C. Emissions of compounds were analysed and identified in a system consisting of a thermal desorption unit coupled to a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). The heating took place in both an oxidative (air) and an inert (He) atmosphere. The results indicate that oxidation of adsorbed compounds occurred, as well as decomposition of the dust itself. The emission in air started somewhere between 150 and 200 degrees C, with aldehydes and ketones as the main compounds. When heated in the inert atmosphere, semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) were emitted at temperatures above 150 degrees C. These compounds were not found in the air system, probably due to oxidation. Based on the obtained results we recommend that the temperature of hot surfaces in indoor environments should be kept below 150 degrees C to avoid oxidation of indoor dust and minimise the emissions.