厌氧膜生物反应器处理高浓度食品废水的应用

采用由完全混合的厌氧生物反应器和板杠式超滤膜组成的膜生物反应器对高浓度食品放心水进行处理,考察了厌氧膜生物反应器的处理效果及其对负荷、水力停留时间等的稳定性,膜组件装填面积为０．６４ｍ＾２,膜材质为聚醚砚（ＰＥＳ）,膜截贸分子量为２００００。结果表明：ＣＯＤ负荷在２～３ｋｇ／（ｍ＾３．ｄ）时,膜出水ＣＯＤ去除率可达８０％～９０％,当ＣＯＤ负荷超过４．５ｋｇ（ｍ＾３．ｄ）时,混合液ＶＦＡ出现积累,Ｃ     

紫露草微核效应与SO2和NOx剂量间关系的试验研究

利用紫露草微核技术对大气中重要的污染物ＳＯ２和ＮＯｘ进行了室内外试验。结果表明,紫露草对大气中ＳＯ２和ＮＯｘ较敏感,紫露草微核频率ＭＣＮ％（效应ｙ）与ＳＯ２、ＮＯｘ的浓度（剂量ｘ）的关系在一定的范围内呈正相关。对于ＳＯ２当浓度在０．００－３．７５ｍｇ／ｍ＾３之间时,对应的微核频率ｙ＝８．３８＋４．３８ｘ,ｒ＝０．９１;对于ＮＯｘ当浓度在０．００－１．００ｍｇ／ｍ＾３之间时,对应的微核频率ｙ＝４．８     

厌氧消化反应器进行条件的选择

研究了ＵＢＦ－ＳＢＲ工艺中ＵＢＦ段的几个运行参数，在３５℃，进水ＣＯＤｃｒ１５５４６ｍｇ／Ｌ，ＮＨ３－Ｎ１２１４ｍｇ／Ｌ，有要容积负荷率７．５５ｋｇ（ＣＯＤ）／ｍ＾３．ｄ时，运行最佳。其ＣＯＤｃｒ去除率为９３．９％，产气率为０．６４ｍ＾３（气）／为５．４６ｋｇ（ＣＯＤ）／ｍ＾３．ＣＯＤｃｒ去除率为９１．４％。并气率为０．５９ｍ＾３（气）／去除率ｋｇ（ＣＯＤ），ＣＨ４含量为５７．５％，两者出水ＰＨ均     

利用光合细菌柱式生物膜法处理淀粉废水

利用连续化处理工艺,在适宜条件下当稀释率Ｄ＝０．３３ｈ＾－１时,最大ＣＯＤ容积负荷Ｐ＝１５．８４ｋｇ／（ｍ＾３·ｄ）;当回流比α＝０．２,稀释率Ｄ＝０．３５＾ｈ－１时,最大ＣＯＤ容积负荷Ｐ＝２１．８ｋｇ／（ｍ＾３·ｄ）。该法所得到的菌体污泥可作为饲料添加剂,具有较大的经济效益。     

一种新的阴离子表面活性剂电极的研制及应用

研制出一种新的阴离子表面活性电极,电极膜最佳组成：ＴＨＤＡ－ＤＢＳ５ｍｇ,ＤＢＰ０４ｍｌ,ＮＢ０．３ｍｌ,ＰＶＣ粉０．２ｇ,电极线性范围１×１０＾－３－８．１×１０＾－７ｍｏｌ／Ｌ,级差５８ｍＶ／ｄｅｃ,对ＤＢＳ和ＳＤＳ检测分别为５．６×１０＾－７ｍｏｌ／Ｌ和７．４×１０＾－７ｍｏｌ／Ｌ。     

溴甲酚绿－溴化十六烷基吡啶光度法测定水中阴离子表面活性剂

建立溴甲酚绿（ＢＣＧ）－溴化十六烷基吡啶（ＣＰＢ）光度法测定水中阴离子表面活性剂的方法。实验表明,适合的ＰＨ范围为５．５－９．０,λｍａｘ＝６１４ｎｍ,在８６μｇＣＰＢ存在下,十二烷基苯碘酸钠（ＳＢＳ）和十二烷基硫酸钠（ＳＤＳ）分别在０－８０μｇ／１０ｍｌ和０－７５μｇ／１０ｍｌ范围内符合比耳定律,其表观摩尔吸光系数分别为２．９×１０＾４和３．１×１０＾４Ｌ．ｍｏｌ＾－１．ｃｍ＾－１。用此法测定了     

内循环生物流化床处理丙烯酸废水的试验

介绍内循环三相生物流化床处理丙烯酸废水的中试研究。当进水ＣＯＤ为７１０—９９２ｍｇ／Ｌ时,平均去除容积负荷ＮＶ＝４．０ｋｇＣＯＤ／（ｍ３·ｄ）,污泥负荷ＮＳ＝１．６ｋｇＣＯＤ／（ｋｇＶＳＳ·ｄ）;进水ＣＯＤ为１２７７—２２７６ｍｐ／Ｌ时,ＮＶ＝６．８ｋｇＣＯＤ／（ｍ３·ｄ）,Ｎｓ＝２．８ｋｇＣＯＤ／（ｋｇＶＳＳ·ｄ）;氧利用率约１７％。同时对流化床出水进行了后处理试验,提出了丙烯酸废水的治理方案。     

改性PAN基活性碳纤维的SO2吸附性能

为了探索提高聚丙烯腈（ＰＡＮ）活性碳纤维（ＡＣＦ－ＰＡＮ）对ＳＯ２的吸附性能,采用加入不同的活性组分对自制的ＡＣＦ－ＰＡＮ进行改性;研究了ＡＣＦ－ＰＡＮ和经过不同改性后的ＡＣＦ－ＰＡＮ对ＳＯ２的吸附性能。取得性后活性碳纤维为改性前平衡吸附量４ ２倍以上;为活性炭的１０倍左右（ＡＣＦ－ＰＡＮ６２．９ｍｇ／ｇＡＣＦ,ＡＣＦ－ＰＡ（Ⅱ）１－４型１１３．６－１４３．７ｍｇ／ｇＡＣＦ,活性炭１４．９ｍｇ／ｇ     

厌氧-水解反应器稳定运行的试验研究

采用造纸废水对厌氧水－水解反应器的启动、运行进行试验研究。结果表明，当ＭＬＶＳＳ在１５ｇ／Ｌ左右，ＣＯＤ容积负荷为１．４５ｋｇ／（ｍ＾３·ｄ），水力负荷为２．０ｍ＾３／（ｍ＾２·ｈ），水国停留时间为４ｈ，污泥颗粒化程度较高，反应器运行效果稳定可靠。     

热处理对含氮活性碳纤维脱除SO2能力的影响

考察中高温热处理对含氮沥青活性碳纤维「ＰＡＣＦ（ＮＨ３）」脱除ＳＯ２的能力的影响结果表明,在９００－１１００℃尤其是在１０００℃下热处理可显著提高ＰＡＣＦ（ＮＨ３）脱除ＳＯ２的能力,当在３０℃下模拟烟气中ＳＯ２、Ｏ２和Ｈ２Ｏ的浓度分别为０．００２ｍｌ／ｍｌ,０．１ｍｌ／ｍｌ和０．１ｍｌ／ｍｌ,气休流动速率为１００ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ时,０．２５ｇ的３种不同比表面物ＰＡＣＦ（ＮＨ３）完全除去ＯＳ２的时间分别     

Effect of organic carbon on nitrification e ciency and community composition of nitrifying biofilms

The effects of organic carbon/inorganic nitrogen (C/N) ratio on the nitrification processes and the community shifts of nitrifying biofilms were investigated by kinetic comparison and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis. The results showed that the nitrification rate decreased with an increasing organic concentration. However, the effect became weak when the carbon concentration reached sufficiently high level. Denitrification was detected after organic carbon was added. The 12 h ammonium removal rate ranged from 85% to 30% at C/N = 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 compare to control (C/N = 0). The loss of nitrogen at C/N = 0.5, 1, 2, 4, (8 and 16 was 31%, 18%, 24%, 65%, 59% and 62% respectively, after 24 h. Sequence analysis of 16S rRNA gene fragments revealed that the dominant populations changed from nitrifying bacteria (Nitrosomonas europaea and Nitrobacter sp.) to denitrifying bacteria (Pseudomonas sp., Acidovorax sp. and Comamonas sp.) with C/N ratio increase. Although at high C/N ratio the denitrifying bacteria were the dominant populations, nitrifying bacteria grew simultaneously. Conrrespondingly, nitrification process coexisted with denitrification.     

Effect of organic carbon on nitrification efficiency and community composition of nitrifying biofilms

The effects of organic carbon/inorganic nitrogen (C/N) ratio on the nitrification processes and the community shifts of nitrifying biofilms were investigated by kinetic comparison and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis. The results showed that the nitrification rate decreased with an increasing organic concentration. However, the effect became weak when the carbon concentration reached sufficiently high level. Denitrification was detected after organic carbon was added. The 12 h ammonium removal rate ranged from 85% to 30% at C/N = 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 compare to control (C/N = 0). The loss of nitrogen at C/N = 0.5, 1, 2, 4, (8 and 16 was 31%, 18%, 24%, 65%, 59% and 62% respectively, after 24 h. Sequence analysis of 16S rRNA gene fragments revealed that the dominant populations changed from nitrifying bacteria (Nitrosomonas europaea and Nitrobacter sp.) to denitrifying bacteria (Pseudomonas sp., Acidovorax sp. and Comamonas sp.) with C/N ratio increase. Although at high C/N ratio the denitrifying bacteria were the dominant populations, nitrifying bacteria grew simultaneously. Conrrespondingly, nitrification process coexisted with denitrification.     

Nitrification performance of nitrifying bacteria immobilized in waterborne polyurethane at low ammonia nitrogen concentrations

Suspended and waterborne polyurethane immobilized nitrifying bacteria have been adopted for evaluating the e ects of environmental changes, such as temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration and pH, on nitrification characteristics under conditions of low ammonia concentrations. The results showed that nitrification was prone to complete with increasing pH, DO and temperature. Sensitivity analysis demonstrated the e ects of temperature and pH on nitrification feature of suspended bacteria were slightly greater than those of immobilized nitrifying bacteria. Immobilized cells could achieve complete nitrification at low ammonia concentrations when DO was su cient. Continuous experiments were carried out to discuss the removal of ammonia nitrogen from synthetic micropollute source water with the ammonia concentration of about 1 mg/L using immobilized nitrifying bacteria pellets in an up-flow inner circulation reactor under di erent hydraulic retention times (HRT). The continuous removal rate remains above 80% even under HRT 30 min. The results verified that the waterborne polyurethane immobilized nitrifying bacteria pellets had great potential applications for micro-pollution source water treatment.     

天然沸石生物再生途径机理研究

在模拟沸石床系统中,对比探讨了曝气、异养菌和硝化细菌3个因素单独或共同作用对沸石再生效果的影响.结果表明,在本试验条件下,曝气作用、异养菌代谢和硝化作用分别可将沸石的再生效率提高0.5%~1.0%、20.9%~31.1%和120%~180%,3个因素影响大小依次为硝化细菌＞异养菌＞曝气吹脱.当异养菌与硝化细菌共存时具有协同再生作用,不仅可提高系统的再生效率(接近100%),而且还可提高沸石的再生率(约10%).离子交换、曝气和异养菌单独或共同作用下沸石的再生过程可用y =1-e-kx方程模拟;存在硝化细菌作用时沸石的再生过程前、后段分别用线性方程y =kx和Monod方程拟合(R2＞0.99).结合沸石再生前后表观形态变化的观测,探讨了沸石的再生机理.     

强化启动对内循环生物流化床硝化效果的影响

通过改变内循环生物流化床的启动水质,提高N/C组成以强化流化床后期的硝化作用.结果表明,高N/C和低进水COD强化启动后处理生活污水,在HRT为2h时,可以同时高效去除COD和氨氮,氨氮的平均去除率为74%.耗氧速率试验表明,强化启动后,流化床中生物膜的异养菌活性大幅度降低,氨氧化细菌活性明显提高,硝化细菌活性变化不大.对反应系统微生物醌进行的跟踪分析表明,强化启动后,生物膜中的硝化细菌数量明显增加,微生物种群的分布均匀性变化较小,以革兰氏阴性菌为主.扫描电镜观察显示,低N/C启动条件下,生物膜厚且致密,异养菌所占比例高;高N/C启动条件有利于硝化细菌的生长,生物膜相对稀薄.     

Effect of wastewater COD/N ratio on aerobic nitrifying sludge granulation and microbial population shift

The effect of COD/N ratio on the granulation process and microbial population succession was investigated. Four identical sequencing batch reactors, R1, R2, R3 and R4, were operated with various initial COD/N ratios ranging from 0/200 to 800/200 (m/m). Ethanol was fed as the source of COD. Aerobic granules were successfully cultivated in R2 and R3, operating with the COD/N ratio of 200/200 and 400/200, respectively. Scanning electron microscope observations indicated that short rod-shaped and spherical bacteria were dominant in R2, while granules produced in R3 were surrounded with a large amount of filamentous bacteria. The average specific nitritation rate in R2 and R3 were 0.019 and 0.008 mg N/(mg MLVSS.hr), respectively. Fluorescence in situ hybridization results demonstrated that nitrifying bacteria population was enriched remarkably in R2. It indicated that nitrification ability and nitrifying bacteria population were enriched remarkably at low COD/N ratio. However, no granules were formed in R1 and R4 which might attribute to either limited or excessive extracellular polymeric substances production. This study contributed to a better understanding of the role of COD/N ratio in nitrifying sludge granulation.     

芽孢杆菌与硝化细菌净化水产养殖废水的试验研究

以枯草芽孢杆菌、地衣芽孢杆菌和硝化细菌为实验菌种,对水产养殖废水中的各项水质因子(pH、DO、NH4+-N、NO2--N、COD)进行控制或处理。结果表明,经投加微生物菌液处理的养殖废水水质均优于对照组:枯草芽孢杆菌和地衣芽孢杆菌可以降低废水的COD和NO2--N浓度,出水COD浓度小于100mg/L,NO2--N浓度小于0.6mg/L,COD去除率分别为67.97%、70.16%,NO2--N去除率分别为99.28%、99.51%;硝化细菌可以将废水NH4+-N和NO2--N的浓度降低到0.6mg/L以下,去除率分别为99.38%、81.44%;而菌液的投加对养殖水体的pH值影响不明显。三种微生物在净化水产养殖废水的作用上各有特点,可为形成共生长效的养殖水产环境修复微生物种群提供基础。     

竹丝填充床对高有机负荷及低C/N水质的脱氮特性

利用竹丝填料作为生物载体而组建的接触氧化工艺对高浓度难降解水质和低C/N水质的脱氮特性进行了研究.结果表明,当进水COD为804～5100mg/L,BOD为45.0～1100mg/L,BOD/COD为0.01～0.46的情况下,TN去除率为26.6%～96.95%,出水BOD/COD为0.07～0.75;当COD为98～251mg/L,TN为28.0～105.1mg/L,COD/TN为1.6～4.6时,TN去除率为4.94%～48.8%,说明竹丝填料接触氧化工艺在高浓度难降解水质和低C/N比水质条件下具有很好的脱氮效果,但竹子囊腔内的竹汁会使系统脱氮效果波动;对反应器内的主要菌群的分布特征研究发现,在处理高浓度难降解水质过程中,进、出口处细菌浓度相当;而在处理低C/N水质过程中,细菌、硝化细菌主要分布在反应器的进口处,反硝化细菌沿程均匀分布.     

污水处理系统中硝化菌的菌群结构和动态变化

研究分析了4种不同工艺类型的城市污水处理厂中氨氧化细菌(AOB)和亚硝酸盐氧化细菌(NOB)的丰度及菌群结构.实时定量PCR结果表明4种工艺中AOB菌群的丰度范围为8.56×106~4.46×107cells/gMLSS;NOB菌群的丰度为3.37×108~1.53×109cells/gMLSS.每个工艺中Nitrospira都是优势NOB,占NOB菌群的88% 以上. A2O工艺冬季AOB和Nitrospira丰度比夏季均有所降低,这是导致冬季生物脱氮效果变差的主要原因.基于 amoA基因的系统发育分析结果显示所有的序列属于Nitrosomonas,其中Nitrosomonas oligotropha cluster 占克隆文库的60.1%,是AOB 种群中的优势菌属,Nitrosomonas-like cluster和 Nitrosomonas europaea cluster次之,分别占克隆文库的29.6%和9.1%.N. europaea cluster只在A2O工艺中出现,且在A2O工艺夏季污泥样品克隆文库中达到44.7%.低DO运行使N. europaea cluster成为优势AOB是A2O工艺夏季出现较高亚硝酸盐积累率的主要原因.研究结果证实了城市污水处理厂中优势AOB和NOB分别为Nitrosomonas和Nitrospira,硝化菌群占总菌群的1%~7%,其丰度、相对含量和菌群结构是影响硝化效果的主要因素.     

泉州湾河口湿地土壤硝化细菌的数量变化

为了解硝化细菌在泉州湾湿地中不同区域和不同植被土壤中的数量变化规律,应用实时荧光定量PCR方法分别对不同红树林植被土壤中的硝化杆菌属、硝化螺菌属、亚硝化单胞菌属进行鉴定和相对定量。结果表明:不同区域和不同植被土壤中三属硝化细菌相对数量有显著差异,有植被土壤高于空地和裸地;在有植被的土壤中,白骨壤下土壤最低;原生桐花树的硝化螺菌属数量明显高于其他植被土壤,互花米草的硝化杆菌属和亚硝化单胞菌属数量明显都高于红树林植被土壤。硝化细菌数量变化与植被类型和土壤的理化因子有关。