河北廊坊地区大气污染物变化特征与来源追踪

为了解河北省廊坊地区大气污染水平、变化特征以及污染物来源，2009年7月—2010年6月对该地区大气中NO、NO_x（NO_x=NO+NO₂）、O₃、SO₂和PM₁₀进行了连续在线观测，并用统计方法和后向轨迹模拟对所获数据进行分析。结果表明，一次污染物NO、NO_x、SO₂和PM₁₀浓度具有相似的季变化和日变化，冬季浓度最高，季节日均值分别为（57±53）、（127±84）、（69±340）和（181±129）μg/m³；二次污染物O₃夏季浓度最高，日小时均值最高值季节日平均为（99±39）μg/m³。一次污染物浓度日变化呈早晚双峰型，冬季，变化幅度最大；二次污染物日变化为单峰型，最大值出现在夏季午后。夏季受东南气流影响，往往造成该地区O₃超标；冬季，廊坊和天津污染具有较高一致性，出现区域性大气复合污染。廊坊地区大气污染除受本地排放影响，还受到周边地区污染物输送的影响，其在京津两大城市间对大气污染的缓冲作用也不可小觑。     

臭氧氧化法处理焦化废水生化出水的反应动力学简

对臭氧氧化去除焦化废水生化出水COD的反应动力学及其影响因素进行了实验研究，结果表明，在臭氧投加量为8.50 mg/min，反应温度为20℃和初始pH为10.61条件下，对COD的降解符合表观一级反应动力学模型，其相关系数R²=0.9991，表观反应速率常数k_Abs=1.01×10^-3 s^-1。该条件下，臭氧氧化对COD的降解主要来源于高活性羟基自由基的强氧化作用。在不同的臭氧投加量（4.25~12.75 mg/min）、不同的反应温度（10~40℃）和不同的初始pH（3.76~12.53）下，COD的降解也同样遵循一级反应动力学规律。随着臭氧投加量的增大，COD降解的表观反应速率常数从（0.554×10^-3） s^-1增加到（1.06×10^-3） s^-1；随着反应温度的升高，表观反应速率常数从（0.427×10^-3） s^-1增加到（1.40×10^-3） s^-1，温度越高反应速率提高的幅度却越小；在初始pH3.76~10.61范围内，表观反应速率常数从（0.218×10^-3） s^-1增加到（1.01×10^-3） s^-1，在初始pH为12.53时表观反应速率常数下降到（0.857×10^-3） s^-1。     

耐酸厌氧消化污泥处理餐厨垃圾简

采用耐酸驯化的厌氧消化污泥处理餐厨垃圾，在酸性条件下（pH=4.5），对实验装置容积负荷从1.0 kg VS/（m³·d）分9次逐级增加到5.0 kg VS/（m³·d）的过程进行了跟踪监测，并较深入地研究了驯化污泥代谢活性和处理效果。实验结果表明，pH 4.5的耐酸厌氧消化污泥，最佳投加负荷约为4.5 kg VS/（m³·d），此负荷下容积产气率，CH₄含量平均值均达最大，分别为1.68 m³/（m³·d），75.0%。耐酸厌氧消化装置持续增料运行46 d，产甲烷菌仍能保持较高的活性，其COD去除率范围为40.4%~75.0%，仍能保持pH 7.2时处理效果的65.0%~91.8%，表明在低pH、低碱度下实现稳定的产甲烷过程是可行的。     

O3/BAF工艺系统中有机物生物降解数学模型

研究臭氧预氧化/曝气生物滤池（O₃/BAF）联合工艺深度处理实际城市污水二级出水过程中，后续BAF系统中有机物的生物降解数学模型。以有机底物浓度、填料层高度两个基本变量为控制条件，研究BAF的总体运行常数和填料特性常数,得出BAF有机物生物降解动力学方程为S_e/S₀=exp(－Kh/qSⁿ₀)。出水与进水COD浓度比值（S_e/S₀）的对数与反应器填料高度（h）之间可表达成一次函数关系。在不同的进水浓度（S₀）下，根据ln（S_e/S₀）~h和关系式m=K/qSⁿ₀，得到方程ln(q_m)=－nln(S₀)+lnK。BAF总体运行常数K和填料特性常数n分别为1.708和0.5063。该模型对BAF工艺有如下指导意义：可以根据设计流量、进水有机物浓度和出水浓度，初步确定BAF的尺寸（如横截面积、高度等）。     

以焦炭为填料的生物滴滤塔处理含挥发性脂肪酸臭气

在以焦炭为填料的生物滴滤塔对挥发性脂肪酸臭气的处理研究中考察了空床停留时间、臭气浓度、体积负荷以及进气温度等参数对净化效果的影响。结果表明，空床停留时间较长时对臭气降解有利。在停留时间超过97 s时，能实现完全降解；此外，净化率随臭气浓度和体积负荷的不断增加呈先增加后降低的趋势。当臭气浓度为24.29 mg/m³即臭气的体积负荷为3 g/（m³·h）时，去除率约为96%；当臭气浓度增至1 345.74 mg/m³即体积负荷增至18 g/（m³·h），去除率达100%；然而，当臭气浓度增至4 934.38 mg/m³即体积负荷增至66 g/（m³·h）时，去除率降至73.1%。另外，进气温度对净化率也有一定程度影响。当进气温度较低时，净化效率相对较高。     

容积负荷对ANAMMOX生物滤池脱氮效能的影响及其基质动力学

采用2套启动成功的上向流厌氧氨氧化（ANAMMOX）生物滤柱，通过调节进水NaNO₂和（NH₄）₂SO₄ 的浓度负荷及水力负荷，改变进水容积负荷，探讨容积负荷对ANAMMOX生物滤柱脱氮效能的影响及其动力学模型。结果表明，滤速恒定条件下，通过提高进水基质浓度来提高进水TN容积负荷，其容积负荷去除动力学过程符合Monod-Haldane基质抑制模型。进水NH₄⁺-N与NO₂^--N浓度分别低于100 mg/L和133 mg/L时，反应器脱氮效果不受明显影响，TN容积去除负荷可达4.21 kg/（m³·d），TN去除率可达80%以上。进水基质浓度恒定条件下，通过提高滤速来提高进水TN容积负荷，其容积负荷去除动力学过程符合零级动力学方程。不受基质浓度抑制的条件下，滤速为3.0 m/h、进水容积负荷为8.82 kg/（m³·d）时，反应器总氮容积负荷去除量可达7.15 kg/（m³·d），总氮去除率可达81.1%。     

改良型A2/O-MBR工艺的反硝化除磷性能研究简

重点考察了一种改良型膜生物反应器（A²/O-MBR）的脱氮除磷性能。该工艺主要特点在于对膜池硝化回流液进行了固液分离，并将上清液和浓缩污泥分别回流至缺氧池和厌氧池，这种改进提高了系统对氮、磷的同步去除效率。实验结果表明，在水力停留时间（HRT）为12 h，污泥龄（SRT）为30 d，混合液回流比为200%的运行条件下，进水COD、NH₄⁺-N、TN和TP平均浓度分别为（225±38）、（24.8±3.9）、（26.7±2.9）和（2.90±0.53）mg/L时，增加膜池硝化回流液固液分离装置前后，系统对COD和NH₄⁺-N的去除都维持在较高水平，而系统对TN和TP的去除效果显著提高，出水TN和TP平均浓度分别由（14.9±3.3）mg/L和（1.95±0.72）mg/L下降到（9.4± 1.9）mg/L和（0.91±0.38）mg/L，表明增加膜池硝化回流液固液分离装置显著改善了A²/O-MBR系统的脱氮除磷效果。反硝化除磷活性实验结果进一步表明，改进后系统中反硝化除磷活性占总除磷活性的比例由51.5%上升至61.7%，说明增加膜池硝化回流液固液分离装置强化了系统的反硝化除磷性能。     

阴极负载不同催化剂对天然水体中沉积物微生物燃料电池运行特性的影响

考察了阴极负载Co₃O₄和MnOOH对天然水体中沉积物微生物燃料电池（SMFC）产电性能和SMFC对沉积物中有机质去除率的影响。实验结果表明，SMFC阴极负载Co₃O₄和MnOOH后，体系的输出电压由483 mV增大到549 mV和534 mV；相应体系的内阻由206 Ω显著降低到99 Ω和128 Ω，最大功率密度（Pmax）由3.3 mW/m²增大到9.1 mW/m²和6.6 mW/m²。此外，SMFC体系的电流密度与沉积物中烧失量（LOI）、易氧化有机质（ROOM）去除率呈线性关系，并且阴极负载Co₃O₄和MnOOH可以促进阳极沉积物中有机质的去除。     

2 种不同性能炭纤维载体的固定床厌氧反应器运行效果比较简

分别采用炭纤维（CF）和活性炭纤维（ACF）作为固定床厌氧反应器的生物膜载体，以不加任何载体的相同规格的反应器为对照，在中温（35±1）℃、连续进料条件下处理高浓度糖蜜废水，实验历时 165 d ，比较评价了2种不同性能的炭纤维作为载体的固定床厌氧反应器的运行性能。结果表明，CF 和 ACF 均是较好的微生物附着的载体材料，具有较强的处理高负荷有机废水和抵抗pH冲击的能力，能显著地提高反应器运行系统的稳定性。具有高比表面积的 ACF 较之 CF 更易于微生物固着并挂膜。对照在进水 COD超过 20 000 mg/L，相应 OLR为 8.35 kg COD/（m³·d）时，系统开始酸化。而以 CF 和 ACF 为载体的反应器能在进水 COD 高达 70 000 mg/L ，相应的 OLR 分别为 36.85 和 39.06 kg COD/（m³·d） 的高有机负荷下运行，且系统的pH更稳定。对照及以 CF 和 ACF 为载体的反应器的最高容积产气率分别为4.33、17.12和16.12 m³/（m³·d）；165 d 的累积产气量分别为5 665.4、22 675.8和26 112.8 L，后2者的产气量分别是对照产气量的 4.0 和 4.6 倍。     

尿素/三乙醇胺吸收烟气NOx的实验研究

以尿素作为吸收液，与NO_x反应生成N₂和CO₂，脱除烟气中的氮氧化物。以一套双级串连的填料塔为主体反应器，分别对气速、液气比、反应物浓度、添加剂浓度和反应温度等参数对尿素溶液吸收NO_x反应的影响进行了实验研究，获得了优化实验工况，研究结果显示，在气速为0.1 m/s、液气比为16 L/m³、三乙醇胺为0.01%(质量比)、尿素浓度为13%（质量比）工况下, 反应温度为30~70℃，脱硝总效率可达50％以上，且随着NO_x体积分数增加而提高。     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

Radionuclides and trace elements in fish collected upstream and downstream of Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the consumption of muscle and bone

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine radionuclide and trace element concentrations in bottom‐feeding fish (catfish, carp, and suckers) collected from the confluences of some of the major canyons that cross Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) lands with the Rio Grande (RG) and the potential radiological doses from the ingestion of these fish. Samples of muscle and bone (and viscera in some cases) were analyzed for ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, and ²⁴¹Am and Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Tl. Most radionuclides, with the exception of ⁹⁰Sr, in the muscle plus bone portions of fish collected from LANL canyons/RG were not significantly (p<0.05) higher from fish collected upstream (San Ildefonso/background) of LANL. Strontium‐90 in fish muscle plus bone tissue significantly (p<0.05) increases in concentration starting from Los Alamos Canyon, the most upstream confluence (fish contained 3.4E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [126E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]), to Frijoles Canyon, the most downstream confluence (fish contained 14E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [518E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]). The differences in ⁹⁰Sr concentrations in fish collected downstream and upstream (background) of LANL, however, were very small. Based on the average concentrations (±2SD) of radionuclides in fish tissue from the four LANL confluences, the committed effective dose equivalent from the ingestion of 46 lb (21 kg) (maximum ingestion rate per person per year) of fish muscle plus bone, after the subtraction of background, was 0.1 ± 0.1 mrem y^‐1 (1.0 ± 1.0 μSv y^‐1), and was far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1). Of the trace elements that were found above the limits of detection (Ba, Cu, and Hg) in fish muscle collected from the confluences of canyons that cross LANL and the RG, none were in significantly higher (p<0.05) concentrations than in muscle of fish collected from background locations.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.     

Biochemical interaction of six op delayed neurotoxicants with several neurotargets

Abstract

Five organophosphorous insecticides: Leptophos, EPN, Cyano‐fenphos, trichloronate and salithion proved to cause irreversible ataxia not only to chicken but also to mice and sheep. TOCP was included as a reference. Cyanofenphos blocked the catecholamine B‐receptor binding activity with ³H‐norepinephrine at a level similar to that of the specific inhibitor propranolol in the mouse heart preparation. In the lamb heart preparation, the B‐receptor was more sensitive to Leptophos, salithion and TOCP than to propranolol. The six compounds and their oxons were screened for their in‐vitro inhibition to monamine oxidase (MAO), acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and neurotoxic esterase (NTE) in the brain of either mouse, lamb or chicken. It is believed that their AChE inhibition stands for their acute toxicity, while NTE inhibition is responsible for their paralytic ataxia.