生物炭对土壤中阿特拉津吸附特征的影响

为探究生物炭对土壤中阿特拉津的吸附特征及影响因素,采用批处理实验研究了灭菌(T1)、5%秸秆生物炭+灭菌(T2)、未灭菌(T3)和5%秸秆生物炭+未灭菌(T4)条件下对土壤中阿特拉津吸附特征及土壤理化性质的影响.结果表明,在最初0—12 h内,不同处理下阿特拉津吸附量均随时间的延长而快速增加,而在12—96 h内增加较为缓慢并逐渐趋于平衡.在96 h时,T2和T4处理下阿特拉津最大吸附量分别达到46.22 mg·kg^-1和46.43 mg·kg^-1,而未添加生物炭的T1和T3处理则有所降低,分别为44.20 mg·kg^-1和43.09 mg·kg^-1.准二级动力学模型更好地拟合不同处理下土壤对阿特拉津吸附特征,T2和T4处理下吸附速率常数K分别为0.257 kg·mg^-1·h^-1和0.339 kg·mg^-1·h^-1,显著高于未添加生物炭处理的T1和T3处理(K分别为-0.083 kg·mg^-1·h^-1和-0.261 kg·mg^-1·h^-1).内扩散模型显示添加生物炭后,土壤对阿特拉津的吸附是一个由边界扩散、内部孔隙扩散等多因素控制的复杂化学过程.添加生物炭可显著提高土壤pH、有机碳、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量,其中土壤有机碳含量与阿特拉津最大吸附量之间存在显著的正相关关系(P<0.05).由此可见,添加生物炭可以提高土壤对阿特拉津的固持能力,减少其淋溶迁移风险,从而达到修复阿特拉津污染土壤的目的.     

高效液相色谱法测定水体中的阿特拉津

为建立检测水体中阿特拉津的高效液相色谱法,以ODSC18(250mm×4.6mm×5μm)柱为色谱柱,以甲醇∶水=5∶1为流动相,流速0.6mL·min-1,采用紫外检测器,用外标法测定水体中阿特拉津含量。结果表明,方法线性范围为0.052~13.0mg·L-1,线性相关系数r=0.9998;对浓度低于线性的样品,取100mL样品提取后测定,方法的检出限为0.0002mg·L-1,对含1.95μg·L-1、32.5μg·L-1、72.8μg·L-1阿特拉津水质样品进行测定,其相对标准偏差为1.61%-6.85%,加标回收率为84.6%~96.9%。采用净化方法时的加标回率为74.9%~92.9%。对阿特拉津含量在线性范围内的水样可直接过0.45μm膜后测定,加标回收率为97.0%~99.6%。该方法适用于水体中痕量和常量阿特拉津的测定。     

三峡水库消落区土壤汞吸附解吸动力学特征

对三峡水库消落区5种土壤进行了汞的吸附-解吸试验,用不同的等温吸附方程和化学反应动力学方程进行了模拟比较,结果显示,不同土壤对汞的吸附解吸动力学规律相类似,吸附速率和解吸速率均与土壤pH值呈显著(r=0.933,p＜0.05)和极显著相关性(r=0.962,p＜0.01),但吸附量和解吸量各不相同,其中,紫色潮土对汞的吸附量最大,酸性紫色土最小;灰棕潮土对汞的解吸量最大,黄壤最小,其它类型土壤介于它们之间.     

几种土壤的基本理化性质与Cu2+吸附的关系

研究了大冶市几种类型土壤的基本性质及与Cu2+吸附的关系,结果表明,土壤对Cu2+的吸附量随其CEC值(记为CEC)而变化,供试土壤的Cu2+吸附量由大到小的顺序为石灰土→水稻土→潮土→棕红壤.加入铜浓度为5 mmol·L-1时11个土壤对铜的吸附量x((mol·g-1)与CEC的直线相关方程为x(Cu2+) = 2.018×CEC + 24.4 (r=0.7066).而影响CEC的因素,如Ph、粘粒含量及其组成、有机质、比表面等,也是决定Cu2+吸附量的重要因素.     

阿特拉津在5种农业土壤中的吸附解吸特性分析

农药类有机污染物在农业土壤中的环境行为研究是国内外研究的热点。该研究采用批量平衡法,以阿特拉津(AT)为目标污染物,研究其在5种农业土壤中的吸附解吸规律,以期为阿特拉津在土壤中的环境风险和污染修复提供理论依据。结果表明,AT在5种土壤中的吸附动力学过程主要经历了快速吸附、慢速吸附和平衡吸附3个阶段,24 h后达到平衡,伪二级动力学模型能较好描述其动力学过程,说明AT在5种土壤上的吸附由多个过程控制,外部液膜扩散、颗粒内扩散和表面吸附等多个过程导致了其吸附动力学的复杂性。5种土壤对AT的吸附均能用Freundlich和Langmuir模型较好地拟合,且Freundlich模型(平均r~2=0.949)略优于Langmuir模型(平均r~2=0.92)。Freundlich模型中的1/n在0.581~0.799之间,均小于1,表明5种土壤对AT的吸附等温线均为非线性,属于"L型"等温吸附线。5种供试土壤对AT最大吸附量分别为砖红壤9.506 mg·kg~(-1)、水稻土5.577 mg·kg~(-1)、燥红土0.859 mg·kg~(-1)、潮土15.898 mg·kg~(-1)和红壤5.120 mg·kg~(-1)。AT在土壤中的吸附反应的△G~00,△H~00,表明AT在5种土壤中的吸附是自发进行的且属于吸热反应。AT在砖红壤、燥红土和红壤上的吸附机理可能是氢键和离子交换作用;在水稻土上的吸附机理可能是氢键和偶极间力作用;在潮土上的吸附机理可能为氢键作用。5种供试土壤对AT的解吸表现出一定的负滞后效应,其滞后效应大小顺序为:潮土(H=2.138)红壤(H=1.776)燥红土(H=1.704)砖红壤(H=1.378)水稻土(H=1.009)。     

速灭威在几种枸杞土壤中的吸附及解吸行为研究

枸杞(Lycium barbarum)是一种名贵中药材,宁夏是枸杞的原产地。速灭威是枸杞中常用的一种氨基甲酸酯类农药。该研究采用批量平衡法研究了速灭威在3种宁夏枸杞适生土壤——灌淤土、潮土和灰钙土中的吸附-解吸特性,并应用Freundlich、Langmuir和Linear等模型和Gibbs方程计算吸附自由能(?G)、吸附焓变(?H)及吸附熵变(?S),分析3种土壤对速灭威的吸附特征。结果表明,通过动力学实验发现,10 h时速灭威吸附量达到最大值(120μg·g~(-1)),为了确保速灭威在土壤中完全吸附,选择24 h作为吸附平衡时间。与此同时,速灭威的解吸量在12 h后趋于平缓,但其最大解吸量为12μg·g~(-1)左右,比吸附量小很多,说明吸附可逆的程度不大;通过等温吸附实验发现,速灭威在几种土壤中的等温吸附曲线能较好地符合Freundlich模型,几种土壤吸附能力表现为:灰钙土(K_f=338.84)灌淤土(K_f=234.42)潮土(K_f=218.78);而等温解吸附能较好地符合Langmuir模型,几种土壤对速灭威的解吸附能力表现为:灌淤土(K_d=389.50)灰钙土(K_d=264.85)潮土(K_d=202.51),且解吸平均滞后系数HI_a0,表明速灭威在几种土壤中的吸附-解吸滞后现象不显著,迁移较快;速灭威在灌淤土和灰钙土中吸附的?H0,?S0,作用力以静电作用力为主,而在潮土中吸附的?H0,?S0,以疏水作用力为主。该研究结果可为保障枸杞质量,保护产地环境提供一定参考。     

绿麦隆、阿特拉津单一与复合污染对蚯蚓的毒性效应研究

以赤子爱胜蚓为研究对象,采用滤纸急性毒性实验研究了农药绿麦隆、阿特拉津对蚯蚓的单一和复合毒性效应。单一毒性实验表明,绿麦隆与阿特拉津单独存在时,均对赤子爱胜蚓产生毒性。阿特拉津对蚯蚓的毒性大于绿麦隆,绿麦隆和阿特拉津48h的半致死质量浓度分别为189.64和43.33mg·L-1。复合毒性实验表明,绿麦隆与30mg·L-1和40mg·L-1的阿特拉津复合,其48h的半致死量分别为116.03和48.14mg·L-1。绿麦隆和阿特拉津的复合污染对蚯蚓具有明显的协同作用,而这种协同作用与污染物的质量浓度有关。     

人居生活废弃物生物黑炭对水溶液中Cd2+的吸附研究

以人居生活废弃物生物黑炭为材料,探讨生物黑炭对Cd2+的吸附动力学及热力学特性,通过平衡吸附法研究吸附时间、Cd2+初始质量浓度、吸附剂投加量、溶液pH值以及黑炭粒径对Cd2+吸附率的影响.结果表明,吸附时间为2h时基本达到吸附平衡,准二级动力学方程能很好地描述生物黑炭对Cd2+的吸附过程.Langmuir模型能较好地描述生物黑炭对Cd2+的等温吸附过程,根据该模型模拟得到25℃条件下Cd2+最大吸附量为6.22mg·g-1.Cd2+去除率随生物黑炭投加量的增加而增大;生物黑炭对Cd2+吸附量随其粒径减小而增大;溶液初始pH值为4.0～7.5时,pH值变化对Cd2+吸附量的影响不显著.采用人居生活废弃物生物黑炭去除水溶液中Cd2+时,控制溶液Cd2+初始质量浓度30mg·L-1,粒径小于0.25 mm,投加水平8g·L-1,反应温度25℃,反应时间1～2h,Cd2+去除率可达80％.人居生活废弃物生物黑炭可以作为去除污染水体中Cd2+的吸附剂.     

黄河中下游沉积物对磷酸盐的吸附动力学研究

研究了黄河中下游10个不同表层沉积物在黄河水体中对磷酸盐（P）的吸附动力学及其影响因素和吸附机理。结果表明：（1）不同黄河沉积物对P的吸附能力各不相同,但吸附量随时间的变化具有相同的变化趋势,吸附速率均在前8h内较快,以后逐渐趋缓,在48h时基本达到吸附平衡。不同黄河沉积物对P的吸附量均随P初始质量浓度的增加而增大,随沉积物含量增大而减小;（2）不同沉积物在不同P初始质量浓度下对P的吸附动力学均符合Lagergren二级吸附动力学模型及Weber-Morris扩散方程,求得二级吸附速率常数和扩散速率常数分别在11.9866～157.55g·mg^-1·h^-1和0.0005～0.0119mg·g^-1·h^-1/2之间,吸附过程由P在沉积物内扩散控制。     

阿特拉津在天然水体沉积物中的吸附行为

本文研究了阿特拉津在几种水体沉积物中的吸附、解吸规律,并进一步探讨了沉积物浓度、pH值和离子强度对其吸附行为的影响．结果表明,不同沉积物对阿特拉津的吸附程度由沉积物本身的总有机碳、粘土矿物、阳离子交换容量、比表面积以及铁锰氧化物等理化特性综合作用的结果,有机碳不是影响阿特拉津吸附的唯一重要因素．连续吸附实验结果指出,化合物的起始浓度愈大,吸附时间愈长,阿特拉津的最大吸附容量也愈大,且在解吸过程中表现出一定的滞后性(即不可逆吸附)．沉积物浓度与其吸附量呈负相关;溶液的pH值增大,沉积物对阿特拉津吸附能力减弱;离子强度愈大,沉积物对阿特拉津吸附能力愈强．     

Adsorption of rhodium(III) from plating solutions by calcined gibbsite

Gibbsite calcined at 400°C (GB400) was prepared, and its ability to adsorb rhodium(III) was investigated. Optimal pH, effect of contact time, temperature, adsorption isotherms, and recovery percentage were evaluated. The optimal pH was 6.3. The adsorption equilibrium was achieved within 24 h. The adsorption rate was found to be of pseudo-first order. The experimental data were fitted to both the Freundlich (r = 0.90–0.93) and Langmuir (r = 0.94–0.96) equations. The amount of rhodium(III) adsorbed decreased with increasing temperature. Rhodium(III) being adsorbed from phosphate or sulfate plating solution was recovered using hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide solutions at 1, 10, and 100 mmol L^?1.     

苄嘧磺隆在两种可变电荷土壤中的吸附

研究了两种典型可变电荷土壤对磺酰脲类除草剂——苄嘧磺隆(bensulfuron-methyl,BSM)的等温吸附和吸附动力学,及pH对土壤吸附苄嘧磺隆的影响。结果表明,土壤吸附苄嘧磺隆的量随着苄嘧磺隆的质量浓度的升高而增加,而随溶液pH的升高逐渐减小;土壤的物理和化学性质也影响其吸附苄嘧磺隆的量。用Langmuir、Freundlich、Dubinin-Redushkerich等方程对供试土样吸附BSM的数据进行了拟合,分析比较发现土壤吸附苄嘧磺隆的等温曲线较好地符合Freundlich方程。动力学研究显示一级动力学方程能很好地拟合供试土壤的动力学特性,苄嘧磺隆在红壤中较早达到吸附平衡。     

Phenanthrene adsorption by soils treated with humic substances under different pH and temperature conditions

The mobility of phenanthrene (PHE) in soils depends on its sorption and is influenced by either the existing soil humus or exogenous humic substances. Exogenous humic acids (HAs) were added to soil to enhance the amount of soil organic carbon (SOC) by 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 g kg⁻¹. PHE desorption of the treated soils was determined at two pH levels (3.0 and 6.0) and temperatures (15 and 25 °C). Soil PHE adsorption was related to pH and the type and quantity of added HAs. Humic acid (HA) and fulvic acid (FA) derived from peat had different effects on adsorption of PHE. Adsorption increased at first and then decreased with increasing quantity of exogenous FA. When the soil solution pH (in 0.005 M CaCl₂) was 4.5 or 3.0, the turning points were 2.5 g FA kg⁻¹ at pH 3.0 and 5 g FA kg⁻¹ at pH 4.5. When soil solution pH was 6, the amount of adsorbed PHE was enhanced with increasing exogenous HAs (HA or FA) and amount of adsorption by soil treated with FA was higher than with HA. Adsorption of PHE in the FA treatment at 10.0 g kg⁻¹ was lower than the controls (untreated soil or treatment with HAs at 0 g kg⁻¹) when the soil solution pH was 3.0. This suggests that FA adsorbed by soil was desorbed at low pH and would then increase PHE solubility, and PHE then combined with FA. PHE adsorption was usually higher under lower pH and/or lower temperature conditions. PHE sorption fitted the Freundlich isotherm, indicating that exogenous humic substances influenced adsorption of phenanthrene, which in turn was affected by environmental conditions such as pH and temperature. Thus, exogenous humic substances can be used to control the mobility of soil PAHs under appropriate conditions to decrease PAH contamination.     

海泡石黏土矿物对Cu2+的吸附动力学研究

研究分析了海泡石黏土矿物对铜离子的吸附性能和动力学特征,结果表明,海泡石黏土矿物对Cu~(2 )吸附的最佳pH值为6.0左右,随着pH值的增大,吸附作用减弱;在[Cu~(2 )]=100mg·l~(-1),溶液pH值为6,吸附时间为2h时,添加0.1 g海泡石,海泡石对Cu~(2 )的吸附去除率仅为39.5%,当海泡石用量提高至0.4 g时,其对Cu~(2 )的吸附去除率提高到94.8%;实验结果同样显示,18min内有90%的Cu~(2 )被海泡石吸附,随着吸附时间的增加,吸附作用趋于稳定,2h可达到吸附平衡。该吸附过程符合Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附方程.同时,分别采用拟一级模型和拟二级模型考察了吸附动力学,并计算了这些动力学模型的速率常数.实验数据和拟二级模型计算结果之间有较好的相关性.     

Toxicity,degradation and analysis of the herbicide atrazine

Excessive use of pesticides and herbicides is a major environmental and health concern worldwide. Atrazine, a synthetic triazine herbicide commonly used to control grassy and broadleaf weeds in crops, is a major pollutant of soil and water ecosystems. Atrazine modifies the growth, enzymatic processes and photosynthesis in plants. Atrazine exerts mutagenicity, genotoxicity, defective cell division, erroneous lipid synthesis and hormonal imbalance in aquatic fauna and nontarget animals. It has threatened the sustainability of agricultural soils due to detrimental effects on resident soil microbial communities. The detection of atrazine in soil and reservoir sites is usually made by IR spectroscopy, ELISA, HPLC, UPLC, LC–MS and GC–MS techniques. HPLC/LC–MS and GC–MS techniques are considered the most effective tools, having detection limits up to ppb levels in different matrices. Biodegradation of atrazine by microbial species is increasingly being recognized as an eco-friendly, economically feasible and sustainable bioremediation strategy. This review presents the toxicity, analytical techniques, abiotic degradation and microbial metabolism of atrazine.     

Kinetic,equilibrium and thermodynamic studies for the sorption of metribuzin from aqueous solution using banana peels,an agro-based biomass

Banana peels were employed for the removal of metribuzin from aqueous solution. Sorption in the batch mode was optimized regarding pH, contact time, sorbent dose, initial pesticide concentrations, and temperature. The sorption data were fitted to pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, intraparticle diffusion, Elovich, and liquid film diffusion model, the pseudo-second-order exhibiting best fit (R² = 0.9803). Of the four most common sorption isotherm models (Langmuir, Freundlich, Tempkin, and Dubinin–Radushkevich), the data followed the Langmuir isotherm with highest correlation. The maximum adsorption capacity was found to be 167 mg g^?1. Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, and entropy showed that the sorption was exothermic and spontaneous.     

干旱区绿洲灌漠土Cu、Zn和Pb的吸附解吸特征

土壤重金属吸附解吸是影响土壤系统中重金属移动性和归宿的主要过程,影响重金属的生物有效性以及重金属在食物链中的传递等.配制一系列不同浓度的重金属,灌漠土对重金属溶液进行吸附实验24 h以达到平衡,再用硝酸铵和乙酸铵进行解吸实验24 h以达到平衡.利用热力学吸附平衡法,对西北干旱区绿洲灌漠土重金属Cu、Ni和Pb的吸附解吸行为进行序批实验研究.实验结果表明:(1)灰漠土在常温下对铜、锌和铅重金属离子的吸附等温线符合Freundlich型吸附模式,灰漠土对重金属铜、锌和铅的吸附能力由强到弱的顺序为:铅,铜,锌.(2)硝酸铵和乙酸铵解吸重金属的量与灰漠土吸附重金属量呈现出线性正相关,乙酸铵解吸重金属的量比硝酸铵解吸重金属的量大,两种解吸剂对铜、锌和铅重金属离子的解吸能力由大到小的顺序都为:铜,锌,铅,说明了一般外源的铜、锌和铅进入土壤以后,铜和锌可能比铅容易向四周转移.(3)硝酸铵和乙酸铵的解吸率呈谷形曲线,开始时硝酸铵和乙酸铵解吸重金属量的百分比随灰漠土吸附重金属量的增加而减小,在吸附量达到某一特定值时,解吸率随吸附量的增加而增加.灰漠土对铜、锌和铅的吸附作用以专性吸附为主,被灰漠土吸附的铜、锌和铅重金属离子较难解吸.     

Elucidation of phosphorous sorption by calcareous soils using principal component analysis

This study was conducted to understand the mechanisms governing P-sorption and desorption by calcareous soils (up to 48% CaCO ₃). Batch experiments with KCl as background were carried out by adding varying amount of P up to 100 mgP.L^?1. The desorption percentage (%DES) results show that little P was released from the adsorbed phase. Principal component analysis was applied to evaluate the combined influence of soil components on P sorption. The complex P sorption process can be related to specific soil components by the following equation: P? sorption=?2.20 (CaCO ₃% )?0.04 (Fe? oxide)+0.04 (pHe)+11.02 (sand % )+3.35 (silt)?10.73 (clay)?1.24 (EC)?0.22 (OM)?0.81 (CEC)?1.93 (P? Olsen) (R²=0.9941, SSE=380). Sand% and clay% are the most significant variables for modelling P sorption data. The derived equation could be applied to predict P sorption in other soils that have similar compositions to those investigated herein. The degree of P saturation (DPS) threshold level for all soils was less than 3% except in the soil with the lowest iron oxide. All of the studied soils have exceeded the environmentally unacceptable P concentration except the soil with the lowest iron oxide content.