太平湖国家湿地公园土地利用转换及景观格局变化

该文根据近30年来（1990-2020年）的遥感影像数据，综合运用GIS和景观格局指数方法，对黄山市太平湖国家湿地公园的土地利用转换及景观格局的变化进行分析。结果表明，（1）1990-2020年期间，黄山太平湖湿地公园的主要土地利用类型是林地，水体和建筑的土地利用面积波动较大。（2）研究区域在30年间，建设用地的平均斑块面积最小，景观斑块破碎零散；耕地对景观的控制度逐年下降；水体的斑块形状复杂，受人为干扰程度不显著；建设用地斑块形状较规则，受人类活动影响大。（3）2015年景观破碎度达到峰值；2000年区域景观的连通性最大，空间格局分布最均匀；2020年景观形状最复杂，生物多样性最大，景观丰富度最大，各类景观均衡发展。公园景观格局变化是自然因素和人为因素共同作用的结果，其中旅游开发、政策的影响导致了景观格局发生改变，气候、降水对研究区域的景观格局变化也造成了一定的影响。     

淮南矿区土地利用变化对区域景观格局的影响

以淮南矿区5期遥感影像图作为基本信息源,利用土地利用转移矩阵和景观格局指数分析了淮南矿区的土地利用变化及其对区域景观格局的影响。土地利用变化相关结果表明:1980 — 2015年淮南矿区及区域土地利用变化主要表现为耕地的减少,建设用地、水域的增加。矿区耕地面积减少117.6 km~2,其中46.7%的面积转换成建设用地,51.2%转换成塌陷水域,其所在区域(流域)耕地减少了274.4 km~2,有63.1%转换成建设用地,33.1%转换成水域。将矿区增加的塌陷水域面积还原作为无采矿活动的对照,分析采矿活动对区域景观格局的影响,结果表明:采矿活动使得区域景观多样性指数增加了0.07,矿区土地利用变化使得区域景观多样性增加、优势度减小,区域景观格局更加趋于多样、均衡。     

2000-2011年南昌市景观格局变化分析

以南昌市为研究对象,利用南昌市2000、2005和2011年土地利用基础数据为数据源,运用景观生态学原理,借助RS和GIS技术,建立景观类型与土地利用类型的对应关系。该文将南昌市景观划分为耕地、林地、草地、水体、建筑用地和未利用地景观6种类型,并运用ARCGIS软件制作2000、2005和2011年南昌市景观分类图。应用Fragstats软件计算景观格局指数,利用GIS的空间分析功能,对南昌市景观格局及其变化特征进行分析。结果表明:南昌市景观格局从2000年到2011年间发生了较大的变化,耕地、建筑用地显著增加,草地减少,景观多样性和景观均匀度都呈增加趋势。该研究结果有助于解决南昌市急速发展所带来的一些生态和环境问题,以及通过土地利用规划来改善南昌市的可持续发展。     

北方农牧交错带土地利用及景观格局变化特征

基于1988,1995和2000年3期Landsat TM数据,采用遥感,GIS和景观生态学方法,运用土地利用转移矩阵、景观格局分析软件Fragstats3.3,对北方农牧交错带土地利用及景观格局变化进行了动态研究.结果表明:①减少的耕地主要转为草地,增加的耕地也主要源于开垦草地;②耕地转为草地的空间分布较均匀,草地转为耕地的区域差异明显;③1988—1995年和1995—2000年2个时段参加变化的土地数量差异显著;④增加的沙地主要源于草地退化;⑤景观异质性上升,结构趋向均衡化,稳定性增强,受人类干扰程度在加大.      

长江下游沿线土地利用区域结构演化分析

论文利用1985和2000年LandsatTM数据和相关统计资料,对长江下游近15年来土地利用区域结构演化进行了研究。研究揭示了长江下游沿线区域土地利用结构的变化趋势、土地利用结构时空演化类型及土地利用格局与社会经济因子间的关系。研究表明:近15年来长江下游沿线区域土地利用变化总体表现为耕地数量减少和建设用地增加的趋势;区域内土地利用变化时空演化类型可以划分为五大类;区域土地利用格局与社会经济因子之间可以用3个典型相关变量表示,耕地、建设用地、林地与草地变化分别对应于不同的社会经济解释因子。     

1983~2013年江苏盐城滨海湿地景观格局变化特征

利用遥感和地理信息系统技术,通过分析江苏盐城滨海湿地1983~2013年景观格局变化过程,定量分析湿地景观组分保留率和湿地类型特定转移过程贡献率,研究景观演变的结构特征及变化方向。结果表明:1983~2013年间,江苏盐城滨海湿地自然景观面积总计减少1211.22 km2,比重下降21.63%,呈逐年递减趋势。人工景观的面积逐步攀升,2013年较1983年面积增加达1492.09 km2。其中盐田面积减小,养殖塘的面积增加到达930.28 km2。自然景观中,海水水域的保留率较高(74.4%),转出类型主要为光泥滩。人工景观中农田林地和养殖塘的保留率较高,分别为79.0%、60.9%,主要转出类型分别为建筑用地(76.1%)、农田林地(86.6%)。自然演替优势转移型累积贡献率为26.98%,人类主导转移型累积贡献率为44.00%,其中对自然湿地的围垦累积贡献率为35.21%。可见,近30 a江苏盐城滨海湿地景观格局动态变化人类活动为主导因素,主要体现为对自然湿地的围垦。     

农牧交错地带的生态评估对土地整理的启示

开展农牧交错地带的生态评估,不仅能够保障区域内的粮食安全和生态安全,更能启示未来的土地整理工作。利用1986、1996和2000年的3期Landsat数据,应用转移矩阵、生态服务功能分析和景观格局分析等研究方法,对地处典型农牧交错带的镇赉县的土地利用变化、土地利用格局和功能进行研究,结果表明:耕地和草地是研究区域中最主要的土地利用类型;1986～1996年间土地整理工作的重点是耕地与未利用地之间的转变,1996～2000年间土地整理工作的重点是耕地与草地之间的转变。土地形态整理必然引起生态系统服务功能价值的变化,随着研究区域生态环境的退化,对于土地整理过程中不可控制单元(如湿地和水域)的微小变化,必然造成生态系统服务功能价值大幅变动。因此,系统维护与保育整个生态系统,实现整个区域的生态型土地整理,是今后土地整理工作的重点和难点。     

三峡库区土地利用与景观格局变化研究

在地理信息系统(GIS)支持下,运用ArcGis软件和景观生态学的方法,对1980～2004年三峡库区土地利用和景观结构的时空变化特征进行了研究。结果表明:24年间三峡库区1495.97km2的土地利用面积发生变化,研究区域综合土地利用变化动态度达0.13%,区域土地利用斑块数由50858增加为50998个,平均斑块面积由1.103 km2/个减小到1.10km2/个。区域土地利用空间格局指数中多样性指数增长0.14%,均匀度指数增长0.23%,破碎度指数增长0.22%,优势度指数降低0.30%。土地利用类型变化的面积大小依次是建设用地>水田>旱耕地>草地>水域>林地>未利用地,土地利用的动态转化过程以林地、草地、旱耕地的相互转化与旱耕地向水田的转化为主。     

土壤重金属累积对土地利用与景观格局的响应

土地利用/覆被既能反映重金属污染物的主要来源,亦能通过改变土壤物理、化学和生物性质从而控制重金属在土壤中的迁移性和活性,造成土壤中重金属的累积直至污染.基于2003年和2013年宁波市区土壤重金属采样点数据和土地利用数据,采用面向对象的决策树分类方法进行土地利用/覆被分类,采用单项污染指数、内梅罗综合污染指数评价土壤重金属污染状况,采用景观格局指数探索重金属不同累积程度下的土地利用变化和景观格局演变,采用冗余和偏冗余分析识别对研究区土壤重金属累积影响最为显著的景观格局因子及不同因子之间的交互作用.结果表明:①2003～2013年研究区8种土壤重金属元素均出现了不同程度的累积,其中以Hg、Ni和Cr的累积程度最高;研究区大多数区域已受到了土壤重金属的污染且重度污染区的污染程度仍在加剧.②较高的重金属累积程度并不完全出现在土地利用类型一直为建设用地的区域,或由其他类型转为建设用地的区域,有相当一部分发生在利用类型一直为耕地或者是由其他类型转为耕地的区域.③重金属污染地区都有着破碎、复杂和聚集的景观格局特征,其中耕地、住宅用地和工业用地的这种特征与土壤重金属累积的相关性最大;④建设用地的斑块聚集程度越高,大多数重金属元素的累积程度会显著增加;景观的多样性程度和农用地的形状复杂程度越高,Cu、Hg、Pb和Cd的累积程度会显著增加;距离采矿用地越近,Cd含量增加的效应越明显.     

土地利用变化对湿地景观连通性的影响及连通性优化效应——以江苏盐城海滨湿地为例

土地利用与土地覆盖变化对湿地景观的结构和功能产生深刻的影响。选择江苏盐城海滨地区为研究对象,应用遥感和地理信息系统技术,分析20年来土地利用变化对湿地景观连通性的影响,并以2007年湿地景观生态系统服务功能为基础,采用阻力面模型探讨湿地景观连通性优化途径及其效应。结果显示:①1987—2007年间,盐城海滨区域土地利用结构变化显著。其中耕地面积比重由36.72%上升为46.17%,自然湿地持续减少,面积由44.4%减为26.01%,人工湿地持续增加,面积由9.96%上升为18.72%;②随着区域人类土地利用活动的加强,光滩、碱蓬沼泽和芦苇沼泽的空间连通性降低,区域土地利用导致湿地景观之间生态流阻隔,景观生态服务功能减弱;③2007年湿地景观生态功能强度空间差异显著,以累积耗费距离面、生态源地、耗费路径为依据,对湿地景观连通路径优化结果表明,废黄河口和大丰港附近等关键区域对景观连通性和生态流影响最大,是景观生态节点优化的首要对象;④加强连通路径的关键区域优化、提高景观连通度是实现景观优化的关键。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.