苯胺-2,4-二氨基酚共聚物对水中Cr(Ⅵ)吸附性能的研究

利用化学氧化法合成了苯胺-2,4-二氨基酚的共聚物,并通过静态吸附实验研究了该材料对水中Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附性能.研究表明,该共聚物对废水中Cr(Ⅵ)的去除效果显著,该吸附过程为自发吸热反应,符合Langmuir单层吸附模型;其动力学行为符合准二级动力学方程.溶液pH值对吸附性能影响较大,pH 3～6范围内吸附效果较好.吸...     

砷离子印迹聚合物的制备及性能评价

利用表面印迹技术,以α-甲基丙烯酸为功能单体,乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯为交联剂在偶氮二异丁腈的引发下发生交联反应生成砷离子印迹聚合物。采用电镜扫描与傅里叶红外光谱对印迹聚合物进行形貌与结构的表征;采用静态吸附法对印迹聚合物吸附过程的pH影响、吸附等温模型和吸附动力学进行研究;同时还研究了在竞争离子存在的情况下砷离子印迹聚合物的选择吸附性能。在25℃、pH=6时,印迹聚合物的吸附量约为非印迹聚合物的1.5倍,对砷离子的吸附过程基本吻合Langmuir吸附等温模型;在动力学研究中发现,吸附过程更为符合准二级动力学方程;在竞争离子存在的情况下,砷离子印迹聚合物有着良好的选择吸附性。     

13X分子筛对水体中钒离子的吸附

为研究分子筛对水体中重金属的吸附效果,选取了13X分子筛作为实验材料,研究其对钒离子的吸附效果。分别研究了在不同温度、时间、溶液pH值和初始钒浓度的条件下,13X分子筛对钒离子的吸附量,结果表明:酸性条件更利于13X分子筛对钒的吸附,溶液pH≥5时吸附量趋于0;随着反应温度的升高,13X分子筛对钒离子的吸附量逐渐增加;13X分子筛对钒离子的吸附符合Langmuir模型和拟二级动力学模型。13X分子筛对钒离子具有一定的吸附效果,在一定的处理工艺条件下,可作为水体钒污染的修复材料。但针对不同来源废水的特点,需对分子筛进行改性并进一步优化修复工艺条件以实际应用。     

交联羧甲基玉米淀粉对水溶液中铅离子吸附性能的优化研究

以玉米淀粉为原料，采用先醚化后交联改性工艺合成了交联羧甲基玉米淀粉吸附剂。在单因素试验的基础上，采用Box-Benhnken的中心组合试验设计及响应面分析法，研究了交联羧甲基玉米淀粉吸附剂用量、吸附时间和pH值3因素对水溶液中铅离子吸附效果的影响，得出了吸附剂对铅离子吸附效果的回归模型。结果表明，最佳吸附工艺参数为吸附剂用量0.22 g，pH值为6.6，吸附时间32.9 min，交联羧甲基玉米淀粉对铅离子吸附容量可达44.72 mg/g，铅离子去除率达到98.38%。常温下吸附动力学模型符合Freundlich等温式Q=0.4152C^0.9894。采用0.9 mol/L盐酸溶液作为解析液，铅离子回收率可达97.55%。     

羟基氧化铝吸附去除六价铬

以水合氧化铝和氢氧化铝聚团微球作为前躯体制备羟基氧化铝,并研究自制羟基氧化铝对水中六价铬的吸附性能。实验考察了吸附过程中溶液pH、羟基氧化铝投加量、吸附时间、温度以及离子强度对吸附效果的影响。研究结果表明,在pH=7,温度25℃,吸附剂剂量为2 g/L、初始浓度为10 mg/L的六价铬最大去除率为97.6%,吸附平衡时间为60min。同时羟基氧化铝吸附六价铬的吸附符合Freundlich和Temkin吸附模型,吸附动力学适合伪二级动力学模型。     

Sb（Ⅲ）在不同形态MnO2表面的吸附特征

研究比较了Sb(Ⅲ)在δ态、α态和β态MnO2表面的吸附行为,深入探讨了pH、MnO2浓度、Sb(Ⅲ)初始浓度和离子强度对MnO2吸附Sb(Ⅲ)的影响.结果表明,δ态、α态MnO2对Sb(Ⅲ)的吸附等温线较好地符合Langmuir吸附等温式,β态MnO2对Sb(Ⅲ)的吸附等温线较好地符合Freundlich吸附等温式;Sb(Ⅲ)在δ态、α态MnO2表面的吸附速率较快,吸附过程符合一级反应动力学曲线,而在β态MnO2表面的吸附速率较慢,吸附过程符合二级反应动力学曲线;pH对3种形态MnO2的吸附活性影响很大,适当的MnO2浓度有利于对Sb(Ⅲ)的吸附,离子强度对MnO2的吸附活性影响不大.     

贝壳粉对重金属镉的吸附特征研究

研究了贝壳粉对重金属镉的吸附特征,结果表明:在镉离子质量浓度为100 mg/L时,文石型贝壳粉对镉离子的吸附能力强于方解石型贝壳粉;在文石型贝壳粉中,海虹和毛蚶的贝壳粉对镉离子的吸附性能最强。所有供试贝壳粉对镉离子的吸附过程均符合Langmuir等温吸附模型,说明该吸附过程为单分子层吸附,既存在物理吸附又存在化学吸附。贝壳粉对镉离子的动力学吸附分为快速吸附和平衡吸附两个阶段。快速吸附阶段时间较短但吸附量大,符合准一级动力学模型;而吸附全过程符合准二级动力学模型,说明贝壳粉的吸附主要在表面进行。     

活性焦对水中汞的吸附性能

采用活性焦作为吸附剂,通过静态吸附实验,研究了活性焦对水中汞的吸附特性,并初步探讨了其吸附机理。活性焦对汞的吸附可用拟二级动力学模型描述;在pH为5时能达到对Hg(Ⅱ)的最大吸附容量,在不同离子强度下均能保证对Hg(Ⅱ)有较高的去除率;据Langmuir吸附等温线模型计算出活性焦对Hg(Ⅱ)的饱和吸附容量可达412.1 mg/g。结合红外光谱、Zeta电位测试的结果,可推测活性焦对Hg的吸附过程是物理吸附和化学吸附综合作用的结果。活性焦是一种成本低、效果显著且稳定的吸附剂,有望在含汞废水处理中发挥重要作用。     

U(Ⅵ)在石棉尾矿酸浸渣上的吸附

为了研究U(Ⅵ)在石棉尾矿酸浸渣上的吸附行为,利用红外光谱仪、X射线衍射仪和扫描电镜等手段分别对石棉尾矿和石棉尾矿酸浸渣进行详尽表征。采用静态实验法考察吸附剂浓度、时间、pH、离子强度和温度等因素对吸附的影响,并进一步分析了吸附动力学和热力学。在研究范围内,U(Ⅵ)在石棉尾矿酸浸渣上的吸附受pH值、离子强度和温度的影响明显。当pH6时,吸附率随pH的增大而增大,此时吸附作用主要是离子交换作用或表面络合;当pH6,随pH的增大吸附率会降低,且离子强度越大,吸附率越低,则表明静电吸附或表面络合是其主要的吸附机制。动力学符合准二级动力学方程,热力学符合Langmuir吸附等温线方程。     

改性沸石对水中微量汞的吸附性能

为了更好的去除水体中微量汞,研究了采用二氧化锰和壳聚糖对天然斜发沸石进行改性,着重考察了pH、温度、离子强度、Hg~(2+)初始浓度和时间对改性前后沸石吸附Hg~(2+)的影响,并研究了其吸附机理。结果表明,改性沸石受pH、温度和离子强度影响较小,在pH、温度、离子强度和初始浓度为6、25℃、0.05 mol·L~(-1)和50μg·L~(-1)时,二氧化锰+壳聚糖改性沸石(ZCM)对Hg~(2+)的去除率高达99%,符合国家饮用水标准,并且二氧化锰+壳聚糖改性沸石(ZCM)具有更好的解吸再生性。3种沸石均较好的符合Langmuir等温吸附模型和假二级动力学模型,其中改性沸石对汞的吸附主要为离子交换和表面官能团的络合作用,二氧化锰+壳聚糖改性沸石(ZCM)和壳聚糖改性沸石(ZC)饱和吸附量由1.43 mg·g~(-1)提高到5和3.3 mg·g~(-1),吸附平衡时间由10 h减少至1和4 h,为治理汞微污染地表水提供一定的理论支持。     

Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants

The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.     

The variation of street air levels of PAH and other mutagenic PAC in relation to regulations of traffic emissions and the impact of atmospheric processes

The occurrence of particle associated PAH and other mutagenic PAC was determined in 1996 in the street air of Copenhagen. In addition, particle extracts were tested for mutagenicity. The measurements were compared with previous measurements in 1992/1993. The levels had decreased in this period. The decrease was caused by an implementation of light diesel fuels for buses and the exchange of older petrol-driven passenger cars with catalystequipped new ones. About 65% of the reduction was caused by the application of the light diesel fuels. Under special conditions, chemical processes in the atmosphere produced many more mutagens than the direct emissions. The concentrations of S-PAC and N-PAC were 10 times lower than those of PAH, while the levels of oxy-PAH were in the same order of magnitude as those of PAH. Benzanthrone, an oxy-PAH, is proposed to be formed in the atmosphere in addition to direct emissions. Benzo(a)pyrene, often applied as an air quality criteria indicator, was photochemically degraded in the atmosphere. A strong increase in the mutagenic activities was observed to coincide with a depletion of benzo(a)pyrene.     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Teratological effects of pesticides in vertebrates: a review

Abstract

In the last decades, the use and misuse of pesticides in the agriculture have increased, having a severe impact on ecosystems and their fauna. Although the various effects of pesticides on biodiversity have been already documented in several studies, to our knowledge no consistent overview of the impact of pesticides in vertebrates, both terrestrial and aquatic, is available. In this review, we try to present a concise compilation of the teratogenic effects of pesticides on the different classes of vertebrates – mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.     

Radionuclides and trace elements in fish collected upstream and downstream of Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the consumption of muscle and bone

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine radionuclide and trace element concentrations in bottom‐feeding fish (catfish, carp, and suckers) collected from the confluences of some of the major canyons that cross Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) lands with the Rio Grande (RG) and the potential radiological doses from the ingestion of these fish. Samples of muscle and bone (and viscera in some cases) were analyzed for ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, and ²⁴¹Am and Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Tl. Most radionuclides, with the exception of ⁹⁰Sr, in the muscle plus bone portions of fish collected from LANL canyons/RG were not significantly (p<0.05) higher from fish collected upstream (San Ildefonso/background) of LANL. Strontium‐90 in fish muscle plus bone tissue significantly (p<0.05) increases in concentration starting from Los Alamos Canyon, the most upstream confluence (fish contained 3.4E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [126E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]), to Frijoles Canyon, the most downstream confluence (fish contained 14E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [518E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]). The differences in ⁹⁰Sr concentrations in fish collected downstream and upstream (background) of LANL, however, were very small. Based on the average concentrations (±2SD) of radionuclides in fish tissue from the four LANL confluences, the committed effective dose equivalent from the ingestion of 46 lb (21 kg) (maximum ingestion rate per person per year) of fish muscle plus bone, after the subtraction of background, was 0.1 ± 0.1 mrem y^‐1 (1.0 ± 1.0 μSv y^‐1), and was far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1). Of the trace elements that were found above the limits of detection (Ba, Cu, and Hg) in fish muscle collected from the confluences of canyons that cross LANL and the RG, none were in significantly higher (p<0.05) concentrations than in muscle of fish collected from background locations.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

Knowledge transfer initiative between molecular biologists and environmental researchers and regulators

A Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) funded Knowledge Transfer (KT) workshop was held in the United Kingdom (UK) to identify the needs and opportunities in the application of molecular biology and ‘omics’ techniques to environmental monitoring and risk assessment. Attendees highlighted a lack of effective communication between end-users and researchers as well as difficulties with data interpretation as reasons behind the slow uptake of molecular biology and omics techniques. A number of promising areas in which new techniques could be implemented at a practical level in the very near future were identified, thereby raising the profile of these recent technologies and providing vital proof of concept work. Molecular taxonomy, bacterial source tracking and pre-screening of chemicals for potential toxicities were all viewed as areas in which omics and molecular techniques could have immediate value, with the aim of reducing cost, increasing efficiency and providing more comprehensive data of improved quality.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.