典型产业承接区土壤砷含量的空间分布特征及影响因素

本文以揭阳市为研究区域,采集了1330个表层土壤(0—20 cm)样品和331个深层土壤(150—200 cm)样品,利用富集因子法分析了表层土壤中As的污染状况,通过GIS空间分析技术以及单因素分析法探究了土壤As的空间分布特征以及影响因素.结果表明,研究区表层土壤As含量的均值为6.03 mg·kg^-1,低于该区土壤背景值(7.16 mg·kg^-1)及农用地土壤污染风险管控值(20 mg·kg^-1),大部分土壤为轻微污染和中度污染.揭阳市表层土壤As含量高值区分布于揭阳市东北部、中部和西南部地区,低值区分布于西北部和东南部地区.土壤类型、成土母质和土地利用类型是影响表层土壤As含量的重要因素,在不同土壤类型中,黄壤和赤红壤As含量相对较高;不同成土母质中,粉砂岩母质土壤As含量显著高于其他母质;在不同土地利用类型中,农用地土壤As含量最高.     

开封市城市土壤剖面Hg、As和Sb分布特征分析

为了分析开封市不同土地利用类型下重金属Hg、As和Sb的积累状况及其垂直分布特征,采用氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定了开封市55个城区土壤剖面和4个对照剖面共计303个土壤样品中,Hg、As和Sb的含量.结果表明:(1)城区土壤Hg、As和Sb含量明显高于对照土壤,城市土壤中Hg、As和Sb的平均含量分别为0.28、6.52、1.46 mg·kg~(-1).与中国潮土背景值相比,Hg和Sb受到了不同程度的污染;(2)由于成土母质组成、城市建设过程以及各种人为污染叠加的综合作用,开封市城市土壤中Hg、As和Sb的分布特征比较复杂,不同剖面重金属垂直分布特征变异较大;(3)城市不同土地利用类型下重金属含量存在显著差异,其中Hg在公共管理与服务用地和住宅用地上含量较高,As和Sb的高值区位于工矿仓储用地和交通运输用地.     

中国东部区域土壤活性有机碳分布特征及其影响因素

土壤活性有机碳是反映土壤有机碳响应环境条件变化的敏感指标。为了解大尺度区域土壤活性有机碳分布特征,选取中国东部区域72个土壤样本,分析其溶解性有机碳(DOC)和土壤水溶性有机碳(WSOC)的分布特征并探讨了自然因素以及土地利用方式对二者的影响,为土壤碳循环、改进土地利用管理和解释温室气体排放提供基础数据和科学依据。结果表明,不同土壤类型中,暗棕壤[(94.56±12.17)mg·kg~(-1)]和黄棕壤[(90.81±19.49)mg·kg~(-1)]的DOC质量分数显著高于红壤[(73.76±13.620)mg·kg~(-1),P0.05],棕壤WSOC质量分数[(63.83±20.49)mg·kg~(-1)]显著高于红壤[(50.54±4.50)mg·kg~(-1),P0.05];不同温度带下,中温带、暖温带和北亚热带土壤DOC含量分别为中亚热带的1.25、1.13和1.24倍(P0.05),中温带、暖温带和北亚热带WSOC含量分别比中亚热带高出20.18%、16.33%和24.12%(P0.05);不同湿度带中,半湿润区土壤DOC和WSOC含量分别是湿润区的1.12倍和1.21倍(P0.05)。不同地貌类型下,平坝区土壤DOC质量分数[(87.13±14.31)mg·kg~(-1)]显著高于丘陵区[(78.61±14.90)mg·kg~(-1),P0.05],且其最低值[(75.78±14.47)mg·kg~(-1)]位于海拔高度150~200 m区域内;土壤WSOC含量在不同地貌类型下无显著差异(P0.05)。不同成土母质中,黄土母质发育的土壤DOC质量分数[(95.70±21.07)mg·kg~(-1)]显著高于花岗岩发育的土壤[(76.99±13.67)mg·kg~(-1),P0.05]。不同土地利用方式中,林地土壤DOC含量为水田土壤的1.21倍(P0.05)。逐步回归分析结果表明,年平均气温和年平均降水量是土壤DOC空间变异的主控因子;而土壤WSOC的变异仅受年平均气温的影响。综上,在该尺度下,气候会显著影响土壤DOC和WSOC的含量分布。     

湖南省龙山县耕地土壤硒含量特征及其影响因素

硒是人体及动物必需的微量营养元素之一.在龙山县耕地区系统地采集了326件表层土壤样品进行分析测试,研究了区域内土壤硒含量空间分布特征、空间变异特性、垂向分布特点及其影响因素,分析了土壤有效态硒的影响因素.结果表明,研究区土壤硒平均含量为0.33 mg·kg^-1,土壤有机质平均含量为20.7 g·kg^-1,土壤呈酸性.土壤硒含量呈中等空间变异,垂向分布呈表层富集的规律.研究区内硒含量主要受成土母质与土地利用的双重影响,有机质含量与硒含量呈显著正相关关系(P<0.01).土壤硒形态以腐殖酸结合态与强有机结合态为主,有效硒组分占比较低,土壤硒的生物有效性受硒全量和酸碱度影响较大,可以通过人为方式适当调整土壤酸碱度,提高硒生物有效性,有效提升土地利用价值.     

东北地区旱地土壤有机碳密度的主控自然因素研究

土壤有机碳(SOC)库在陆地生态系统中具有重要作用.基于全国第二次土壤普查获得的1022个东北地区旱地土壤剖面数据,采用方差分析和回归分析方法分析了年均温、年均降水量、成土母质、土壤质地和pH值对旱地SOC密度的影响.结果表明,各因子对东北地区旱地SOC密度在表层和剖面均有显著影响.在5个自然因子中,对SOC密度变异程度的独立解释能力最大的在表层为气温,达32%,剖面为土壤质地,为28.7%.5个自然因子的综合作用分别能解释旱地表层和剖面SOC密度变异的51.2%和50.2%.其中,气温和土壤质地是影响东北地区旱地SOC密度的主要自然因子.因此,合理利用自然条件有利于该区旱地SOC的积累.     

湖南某植烟土壤重金属含量及其生态风险评价

采集了湖南某植烟区表层土壤样品112份,测定了土壤中6种重金属元素的含量,并采用单因子污染指数法、综合污染指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对其污染状况进行评价.结果表明,植烟区土壤重金属平均含量分别为36.25(Cu)、69.78(Zn)、37.66(Pb)、0.36(Cd)、12.71(As)、0.27(Hg)mg·kg-1.6个元素的变异系数在32.57%—59.03%之间,属于中等变异,元素分布不均.污染评价结果表明,植烟区土壤重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、As的单因子污染指数平均值小于1,其污染较轻.而重金属Cd和Hg的超标率为54.46%和58.04%,土壤受到Cd和Hg污染.潜在生态风险指数评价结果显示植烟区土壤重金属属于轻度污染.相关性分析结果表明Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd之间呈显著相关性,As和Hg相关性显著,说明其同源性较高.来源分析表明,研究区Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd污染来源东北部主要为矿区污染,西南部主要是人为源,As主要来源为成土母质和生活源,Hg主要为大气污染源.     

新疆玛河流域土壤和蔬菜汞分布特征与生态、人体健康风险评价

采集玛河流域140份土壤和126株蔬菜样品进行汞含量分析,检测土壤矿物质成分,分析污染状况,探究表层土壤汞空间分布特征和来源,探讨人体健康风险.结果表明,研究区表层土壤汞含量最高,含量在0.001—0.901 mg·kg~(-1),平均值为0.187 mg·kg~(-1),是新疆背景值的11倍.土壤矿物成分相似,主要为石英、长石、伊利石、蒙脱石、方解石.富集系数及潜在生态危害指数显示,除工业区严重富集外其余为中度到轻度富集,整体处于严重生态危害,形成了以化工园为中心的点—面污染.地统计学和多元统计学表明,研究区汞含量空间变异大,存在显著差异,化工园区汞含量最高,主要来源于工业生产;其次是城市和农业区,主要受到城市生活垃圾和农药、交通的影响;人类活动罕见的山区和沙漠地区含量最低.健康风险评价表明,土壤汞对儿童和成人的非致癌风险(HI)均在可接受范围内,沙湾大型电解铝厂周围菊科蔬菜汞对人体造成非致癌风险,其余区域均在可接受范围内.     

贵州草海不同土地利用方式表层土壤重金属污染现状评估

土壤重金属污染问题日益加剧,而土壤重金属来源解析及污染评价对其污染防治具有重要意义.以贵州草海沼泽地、耕地和林地表层土壤(0—20 cm)为研究对象,采用电感耦合等离子发射光谱仪(ICP-OES)和原子荧光测定仪(AFS)测定土壤中Zn、Cr、Pb、Ni、Cu、As等6种重金属元素含量,并对其进行源解析及污染现状评估.结果表明,草海整体研究区表层土壤元素含量为Zn(144.75 mg·kg~(-1))Cr(93.03 mg·kg~(-1))Pb(45.33 mg·kg~(-1))Ni(45.08 mg·kg~(-1))Cu(29.48 mg·kg~(-1))As(25.19 mg·kg~(-1)),其中Zn、Pb、Ni、As含量高于贵州背景值,分别高于背景值的45.48%、28.78%、25.97%、15.29%.元素As在耕地和林地,元素Cr、Cu、Pb在沼泽地和林地,以及元素Zn在沼泽地、耕地和林地都具有显著差异(P0.05),而Ni在3种土地利用方式中均无显著差异(P0.05).3种土地利用方式中,元素Zn、Pb、Ni、As可能主要来源于工业、农业、交通运输等人为源,而Cr、Cu来源于母岩风化、植被凋落物等自然源.土壤重金属污染评价表明,贵州草海不同土地利用方式表层土壤重金属污染处于轻微状态,未造成严重的潜在生态风险.本研究能够为贵州草海土地利用的合理规划、土壤资源保护和重金属污染防治提供数据支持.     

新疆若羌县绿洲带土壤硒含量的空间分布及影响因素分析

为研究若羌县土壤Se含量、分布特征与土壤性质的关系,在研究区采集434个表层土壤样品,分析了若羌县土壤Se含量及其影响因素.结果表明,若羌县表层土壤Se含量变幅为0.06—0.47 mg·kg~(-1),平均值为0.18 mg·kg~(-1),总体属于中等、边缘及缺硒土壤,不存在硒中毒土壤.不同土壤类型中草甸土Se含量最高(0.23 mg·kg~(-1)),盐土最低(0.13 mg·kg~(-1)).成土母质以洪积物发育的土壤Se含量最高(0.25 mg·kg~(-1)),湖积物最低(0.14 mg·kg~(-1)).不同土地利用方式下,水田土壤Se含量最高(0.32 mg·kg~(-1)).研究区土壤MgO、有机碳C_(org)、黏粒含量、TN和铁锰氧化物是影响土壤Se含量的主要因素.     

招远市区土壤及常见绿化植物汞污染特征

为查明长期黄金开采冶炼对城市汞污染的影响,以"金都"招远为研究对象,于2011年4月,采集了招远市区常见绿化植物柏树、落叶松、冬青的茎叶样品30份,并同步采集相应表层土壤样品34份。采用冷原子吸收法测定样品总汞含量,分析了土壤的理化性质。结果表明,招远市区表层土壤中汞含量范围为0.002~0.815 mg·kg-1,平均值为0.149 mg·kg-1。土壤汞含量与有机质呈极显著正相关,与p H、粗颗粒比例呈显著正相关关系,而与阳离子交换量、黏粒比例呈显著负相关。不同城市区域相比,处于金矿区污染源下风向、且与矿区距离较近的梦芝区土壤汞含量要显著高于其它区域。常见绿化植物茎叶汞含量范围为0.021~0.782 mg·kg-1,不同植物中的汞含量没有显著差异,但同种植物中茎、叶中汞含量存在极显著正相关。植物中的汞在各城市区域没有显著差异,与土壤汞含量也不存在显著相关性。研究结果显示,招远市区土壤和植物受周边金矿开采和黄金冶炼的影响,存在一定程度汞污染。     

Applications of chitosan in food,pharmaceuticals, medicine,cosmetics, agriculture,textiles, pulp and paper,biotechnology, and environmental chemistry

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Chitosan is a biopolymer obtained from chitin, one of the most abundant and renewable materials on Earth. Chitin is a primary component of cell walls in fungi, the...     

Fragmentation of Phragmites Habitats, Minimum Viable Population Size, Habitat Suitability, and Local Extinction of Moths, Midges, Flies, Aphids, and Birds

Results from populations of insects and birds inhabiting Phragmites habitats were used to analyze effects of fragmentation. Flush-crash cycles of the stem-boring moth Archanara geminipuncta (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) showed regionally concurrent, local extinctions despite an originally enormous population size (more than 180,000 adults), emphasizing the importance of metapopulation dynamics. Further, A. geminipuncta could be considered a keystone species, since shoot damage facilitated more than twenty species of herbivores, saprovores (of the caterpillars' feces), and their parasitoids. The gall midge Lasioptera arundinis could survive only in side shoots induced by shoot damage of A. geminipuncta .
Small Phragmites stands had thinner shoots (due to a water or nutrient deficiency) and shoots with more leaves (due to a better light supply) than large stands, thereby influencing species-specific demands for habitat suitability and nutritiousness of reed tissue. In other words significance of habitat fragmentation could not be assessed by area alone. For example, two chloropid flies depending on thin, yellowish shoots survived only in small habitats or in the unmown edges of large habitats.
Local persistence of Phragmites herbivores depended on much larger population sizes than could be expected from a population size sufficient to maintain genetic variation. At least 11,000 adults of the gall midge Giraudiella inclusa (or more than 84,000 galls) were necessary to avoid local extinction.
With regard to conservation management of reed habitats, nature reserves should consist of old and unmown reeds, have fewer disturbed (particularly, fewer mown) habitat edges, measure more than two hectares (priority should go to the largest remaining fragments), and be surrounded by nearby reed habitats providing reservoir populations and diverse shoot types.     

Metal passivity as mechanism of metal carcinogenesis: Chromium,nickel, iron,copper, cobalt,platinum, molybdenum

For the transition metals chromium, nickel, iron, copper, cobalt, platinum, and molybdenum, mechanisms of stable bonding in biochemistry (emphasis on carcinogenic mechanisms), chemistry, industrial chemistry, as well as epidemiological, occupational, orthopedic (implant devices) effects related to carcinogenesis, were reviewed. Hypothetically, the propensity to stable bonding (inertness), which ensures the metals’ performance capacity for consumers and industrial application, relates to their carcinogenicity. For chromium, a relationship between industrial/chemical and biological reactivity was noted for the tendency of Cr(III) ions to cause hydrolysis previous to stable bonding, as occurs during anodic passivation, leather tanning, and as indicated in biochemical studies pertaining to a mechanism of DNA condensation, which was suggested as a carcinogenic mechanism. The involvement of metal hydrolysis in both anodic passivation and biochemistry was noted also for nickel, iron, and platinum; the DNA interaction of platinum (cis-platin) is known to depend on hydrolysis. For nickel, issues of potential (V) were found important in both passivation and carcinogenicity. Comparably, the passivity behavior of cobalt and copper was found atypical, and their carcinogenicity yet unclear. Molybdenum, contained in passivated metallic implants, may relate to implant-associated carcinogenesis. Occupational carcinogenic effects were indicated for chromium, nickel, iron, and cobalt as caused by both reactive and passivated metal species. Exposure to acids and chronic respiratory irritation/infection/inflammation in workers were important cofactors in metal carcinogenesis. For wood and leather workers exposed to dust, the assumed presence in dust of metal particles abraded from alloys (sawing or cutting blades) may be a carcinogenic exposure hazard.     

Lead,cadmium, copper,zinc, iron,and calcium in human hair as a function of gender,age, smoking,and hair dyeing

Hair samples were collected randomly from 110 subjects (55 male and 55 female) ranging in age from (<15–60) years. Each subject was asked to complete a personal questionnaire describing his/her sex, age, general health, smoking, use of hair dyes, occupational area, and living habits. Concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Fe, and Ca in human hair samples were evaluated using atomic absorption spectrometry. Results indicated that concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn in the hair of smokers were higher than those in the hair of non-smokers, whereas, Fe and Ca concentrations in hair of smokers were lower than those in hair of non-smokers. Moreover, the concentrations of these elements are higher in dyed hair compared with undyed hair.     

Concentrations of V,Cr, Mn,Fe, Ni,Co, Cu,Zn, As and Cd in mesopelagic crustaceans from the North East Atlantic Ocean

Specimens of oceanic decapods, mysids and euphausiids, collected from the North East Atlantic Ocean during July 1985, were analysed for V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Zn, As and Cd. Measurement of the metals was carried out using two techniques: inductively-coupled plasma-source mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and atomic absorption (AAS). With the exception of the iron data, good agreement was observed between the data from the two techniques. Baseline-metal data are presented for the species measured, along with any effects of animal size on metal concentration. The data presented for oceanic animals from different trophic levels are important in studies of metal fluxes and for the assessment of markers within the food web in the oceans.     

Research progress on distribution,sources, identification,toxicity, and biodegradation of microplastics in the ocean,freshwater, and soil environment

• Microplastics are widely found in both aquatic and terrestrial environments. • Cleaning products and discarded plastic waste are primary sources of microplastics. • Microplastics have apparent toxic effects on the growth of fish and soil plants. • Multiple strains of biodegradable microplastics have been isolated. Microplastics (MPs) are distributed in the oceans, freshwater, and soil environment and have become major pollutants. MPs are generally referred to as plastic particles less than 5 mm in diameter. They consist of primary microplastics synthesized in microscopic size manufactured production and secondary microplastics generated by physical and environmental degradation. Plastic particles are long-lived pollutants that are highly resistant to environmental degradation. In this review, the distribution and possible sources of MPs in aquatic and terrestrial environments are described. Moreover, the adverse effects of MPs on natural creatures due to ingestion have been discussed. We also have summarized identification methods based on MPs particle size and chemical bond. To control the pollution of MPs, the biodegradation of MPs under the action of different microbes has also been reviewed in this work. This review will contribute to a better understanding of MPs pollution in the environment, as well as their identification, toxicity, and biodegradation in the ocean, freshwater, and soil, and the assessment and control of microplastics exposure.     

The distribution of,and relation among,mercury and methylmercury,organic carbon,carbonate, nitrogen and phosphorus,in periphyton of the South Florida ecosystem

Periphyton samples from Water Conservation Areas, Big Cypress National Preserve, and Everglades National Park in south Florida were analyzed for concentrations of total mercury, methylmercury, nitrogen, phosphorus, organic carbon, and inorganic carbon. Concentrations of total mercury in periphyton decrease slightly along a gradient from north‐to‐south. Both total mercury and methylmercury are positively correlated with organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in periphyton. In horizontal sections of periphyton mats, total mercury concentrations tend to be largest at the tops and bottoms of the mats. Methylmercury concentrations tend to be the largest near the bottom of mats. These localized elevated concentrations of methylmercury suggest that there are “hot spots”; of methylmercury in periphyton.