COD/SO42-值对硫酸盐废水厌氧消化的影响

采用间歇试验方式,研究了COD/SO₄^2-值对硫酸盐废水厌氧消化的影响.试验结果表明,COD/SO₄^2-值是影响厌氧消化处理效果的主要参数.本试验中,COD/SO₄^2->15,硫酸盐还原作用对厌氧反应器影响甚微;COD/SO₄^2-=5-15时,硫酸盐还原作用对厌氧反应器产生轻度抑制,相对产甲烷率为79.2%-94.7%;COD/SO₄^2-=0.5-5时,反应器受中度抑制,相对产甲烷率为61.6%-79.2%;COD/SO₄^2-<0.5时,反应器受严重抑制.COD/SO₄^2-≥1时,相对产甲烷率与COD/SO₄^2-值之间有很好的线性关系.     

A2/O工艺污水处理厂运行参数优化的数值模拟

为了确定活性污泥系统A2/O工艺的最佳运行工况,将FCASM2-HYDRO模型应用于德清狮山污水处理厂A2/O工艺污水处理过程的数值模拟中.根据FCASM2-HYDRO模型分别建立了厌氧池、缺氧池、好氧池的数值模拟方程.采用有限元法求解,并使用MATLAB语言建立一套数值模拟程序.利用数值模拟程序分别模拟了工艺参数条件、流量、进水碳氮磷比对德清狮山污水处理厂污水处理效果的影响.由数值模拟结果得到了该厂目前最佳的运行工况:污泥回流比为50%,混合液回流比为100%,泥龄为15d,进水COD:NH4 -N:PO34-P比控制为100:8:1.     

多点交替进水阶式A2/O工艺氮磷去除途径

为分析CMICAO(多点交替进水阶式A2/O)工艺处理实际生活污水时对氮、磷的去除机理,基于物料衡算方程,计算各反应池内污染物质量浓度,并与实测值进行对比,分析氮、磷的去除途径,提出强化工艺脱氮除磷的方法.结果表明,试验条件下,出水中ρ(TP)、ρ(TN)和ρ(氨氮)分别为(0.41±0.08)、(10.24±0.40)和(2.07±0.30)mg/L.除微生物同化作用外,系统中的氮主要通过好氧硝化、缺氧/厌氧反硝化及SND(同步硝化反硝化)途径去除,阶段一3#反应池、阶段二2#反应池和阶段三1#反应池的SND率分别达到37%、52%和58%左右.磷通过聚磷菌厌氧/缺氧释磷、好氧吸磷和反硝化除磷途径去除,阶段一4#池的反硝化吸磷量达到3 mg/L左右.降低好氧池ρ(DO)和改变缺氧池与厌氧池的进水量比例可强化脱氮除磷效果.     

填料型A2/O工艺污水处理及反硝化除磷效能

填料型A~2/O工艺是在A~2/O工艺的基础上通过向厌氧池、缺氧池、好氧池中投加醛化纤维式组合填料,将传统活性污泥法与生物膜法相结合组成一套脱氮除磷的新系统,文章对填料型A~2/O工艺与传统A~2/O工艺处理生活污水的效果进行了对比研究,以及对该复合式工艺在不同硝化液回流比下反硝化除磷能力进行了分析.研究结果表明,相同条件下,填料型A~2/O工艺对生活污水的处理效果要优于传统A~2/O工艺,分别使COD和氨氮的去除率达到92.5%和93.1%.试验通过增加硝化液回流比的措施使得反硝化聚磷菌在填料上富集程度增大,当硝化液回流比为300%时,缺氧池的NO-3-N浓度为3.03 mg·L~(-1),吸磷量最大为26.28 mg·L~(-1),胞内聚合物PHB代谢活性最好,利用率最高为1.32 g·g~(-1)·L~(-1).体现了填料型A~2/O工艺具有显著的反硝化除磷效果.     

Characteristics of greenhouse gas emission in three full-scale wastewater treatment processes

Three full-scale wastewater treatment processes, Orbal oxidation ditch, anoxic/anaerobic/aerobic （reversed A^2O） and anaerobic/anoxic/aerobic （A^2O）, were selected to investigate the emission characteristics of greenhouse gases （GHG）, including carbon dioxide （CO2）, methane （CH4） and nitrous oxide （N2O）. Results showed that although the processes were different, the units presenting high GHG emission fluxes were remarkably similar, namely the highest CO2 and N2O emission fluxes occurred in the aerobic areas, and the highest CH4 emission fluxes occurred in the grit tanks. The GHG emission amount of each unit can be calculated from its area and GHG emission flux. The calculation results revealed that the maximum emission amounts of CO2, CH4 and N2O in the three wastewater treatment processes appeared in the aerobic areas in all cases. Theoretically, CH4 should be produced in anaerobic conditions, rather than aerobic conditions. However, results in this study showed that the CH4 emission fluxes in the forepart of the aerobic area were distinctly higher than in the anaerobic area. The situation for N2O was similar to that of CH4： the N2O emission flux in the aerobic area was also higher than that in the anoxic area. Through analysis of the GHG mass balance, it was found that the flow of dissolved GHG in the wastewater treatment processes and aerators may be the main reason for this phenomenon. Based on the monitoring and calculation results, GHG emission factors for the three wastewater treatment processes were determined. The A^2O process had the highest CO2 emission factor of 319.3 g CO2/kg CODremoved, and the highest CH4 and N2O emission factors of 3.3 g CH4/kg CODremoved and 3.6 g N2O/kg TNremoved were observed in the Orbal oxidation ditch process.     

单级和多级A/O工艺中氮的去除效果及N2O的产生特性

利用SBR反应器模拟单级和多级A/O工艺,在进水水质、水力停留时间(HRT)、泥龄(SRT)、温度、缺氧好氧时间比(A/O比)均相同的条件下,考察了两种脱氮系统中氮的去除效果及N_2O的释放情况.结果表明,对于与城市污水水质相当的进水水质,单级A/O工艺和多级A/O工艺对COD、氨氮的去除率均在95%以上,二者无明显区别,但是前者对TN的去除效率高于后者,二者的总氮去除率分别为72.1%和52.2%.在氮素的转化过程中,典型周期内(3 h)单级A/O工艺和多级A/O工艺中N_2O的产生量分别为16.95 mg和3.59 mg,其转化率(即N_2O的产量与TN的去除量之比)分别为11.47%和4.11%,且N_2O的产生和释放主要发生在好氧段(硝化阶段),缺氧段(反硝化阶段)基本无N_2O释放.单级A/O工艺比多级A/O工艺更有利于硝化细菌(AOB、NOB)的生长,在相同的运行条件下,两工艺中AOB的优势菌种皆为Nitrosomonas,但前者的相对丰度高于后者;单级A/O工艺中NOB的种类和相对丰度也明显多于多级A/O工艺.在实际运行中采用合适的A/O分区或供氧方式既可以较好地去除污水中氮素污染,又可以减少N_2O的释放对大气造成二次污染.     

Effect of phosphogypsum and dicyandiamide as additives on NH3, N2O and CH4 emissions during composting

A laboratory scale experiment of composting in a forced aeration system using pig manure with cornstalks was carried out to investigate the effects of both phosphogypsum and dicyandiamide (DCD, C2H4N4) as additives on gaseous emissions and compost quality. Besides a control, there were three amended treatments with different amounts of additives. The results indicated that the phosphogypsum addition at the rate of 10% of mixture dry weight decreased NH₃ and CH₄ emissions significantly during composting. The addition of DCD at the rate of 0.2% of mixture dry weight together with 10% of phosphogypsum further reduced the N₂O emission by affecting the nitrification process. Reducing the phosphogypsum addition to 5% in the presence of 0.2% DCD moderately increased the NH₃ emissions but not N₂O emission. The additives increased the ammonium content and electrical conductivity significantly in the final compost. No adverse effect on organic matter degradation or the germination index of the compost was found in the amended treatments. It was recommended that phosphogypsum and DCD could be used in composting for the purpose of reducing NH₃, CH₄ and N₂O emissions. Optimal conditions and dose of DCD additive during composting should be determined with different materials and composting systems in further study.     

HRT对A2O工艺中典型多环麝香迁移转化的影响

研究了不同水力停留时间(hydraulic retention time,HRT)条件下佳乐麝香(galaxolide,HHCB)与吐纳麝香(tonalide,AHTN)在A2O工艺各池水相和泥相中的变化情况.采用固相萃取与气相质谱联用的方法对水相与泥相中目标物的质量浓度进行检测.结果表明,HRT主要影响HHCB在A2O工艺中的生物降解和随剩余污泥排放的比重,影响AHTN随剩余污泥排放的比重.随着HRT的增大,HHCB、AHTN在厌氧池中的去除率与去除贡献率逐渐减小,而缺氧池与好氧池的去除率与去除贡献率相对增大.2种目标物在4个HRT工况(6、8、10、12 h)下的总去除率分别为73.93%、73.05%、75.14%、76.00%和48.76%、44.27%、57.17%、62.9%.A2O工艺对HHCB的去除效果较好,而对AHTN的去除效果较差.HRT的增大对HHCB的去除影响不大,而对AHTN的去除有促进作用.     

Advanced nitrogen and phosphorus removal in A2O-BAF system treating low carbon-to-nitrogen ratio domestic wastewater

A laboratory-scale anaerobic-anoxic-aerobic process (A²O) with a small aerobic zone and a bigger anoxic zone and biologic aerated filter (A²O-BAF) system was operated to treat low carbon-to-nitrogen ratio domestic wastewater. The A²O process was employed mainly for organic matter and phosphorus removal, and for denitrification. The BAF was only used for nitrification which coupled with a settling tank Compared with a conventional A²O process, the suspended activated sludge in this A²O-BAF process contained small quantities of nitrifier, but nitrification overwhelmingly conducted in BAF. So the system successfully avoided the contradiction in sludge retention time (SRT) between nitrifying bacteria and phosphorus accumulating organisms (PAOs). Denitrifying phosphorus accumulating organisms (DPAOs) played an important role in removing up to 91% of phosphorus along with nitrogen, which indicated that the suspended activated sludge process presented a good denitrifying phosphorus removal performance. The average removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and NH₄⁺-N were 85.56%, 92.07%, 81.24% and 98.7% respectively. The effluent quality consistently satisfied the national first level A effluent discharge standard of China. The average sludge volume index (SVI) was 85.4 mL·g⁻¹ additionally, the volume ratio of anaerobic, anoxic and aerobic zone in A²O process was also investigated, and the results demonstrated that the optimum value was 1:6:2.     

碳源类型对A2O系统脱氮除磷的影响

采用52.5 L的A²O反应器,以乙酸和丙酸分别作为进水唯一碳源,系统研究了进水碳源类型对脱氮除磷和代谢过程的影响.结果表明,在进水COD为250 mg/L左右,NH⁺₄-N为52 mg/L左右的条件下,原水碳源类型对TN的去除影响不大,系统TN去除率均在65%左右.进水碳源类型对TP的去除及相应污泥中PHA的类型、含量和代谢及糖原的变化影响较大.乙酸为唯一碳源时,厌氧区放磷浓度较高,污泥中PHA的成分主要为PHB和PHV,两者在厌氧区的合成量差别不大,PHB在随后的反应过程中变化较大,对除磷代谢过程起主要作用,而PHV的变化较小.丙酸作为进水唯一碳源时,厌氧区的放磷浓度偏低,主要合成PHV,几乎不含PHB,PHV在随后吸磷过程中浓度变化较大,对除磷代谢起主要作用,而且出水TP浓度偏低.碳源类型对污泥中糖原的代谢也有影响,乙酸为碳源时糖原的含量高,变化范围也较大,丙酸为碳源时糖原的变化幅度较小.在同步脱氮除磷系统中,与乙酸相比,丙酸是一种更合适的碳源.     

造纸废水曝气池中钙的去除及迁移转化规律研究

针对造纸废水好氧处理中钙离子（Ca²⁺）浓度过高影响生化过程和后续膜处理的问题,在实验室模拟废水曝气,研究Ca²⁺存在对COD去除效果的影响;对厌氧出水进行曝气实验,探究曝气量对钙去除效果的影响;分析表征造纸废水液相中Ca²⁺浓度和固相污泥中钙的形态,探究造纸废水曝气池中钙的迁移转化规律.结果发现：Ca²⁺的存在会影响活性污泥的活性,进而导致曝气过程中COD的去除率从71.76%降至36.94%;厌氧出水曝气初始阶段内曝气量越大,Ca²⁺的去除率越高;Ca²⁺浓度从厌氧出水到二沉池出水过程中逐渐下降,从游离态转变为CaCO₃的结合态而除去.     

溶解氧对Biolak型A2O工艺脱氮除磷性能的影响

通过对Biolak型A2O工艺处理生活污水工程应用的研究,考察了好氧段溶解氧(DO)浓度对该工艺脱氮除磷的影响.试验结果表明,DO浓度变化对系统COD、NH+4-N处理效果的影响不大,而对系统总氮及总磷的去除效果影响显著.当DO浓度控制在0.80~1.50 mg·L-1之间时,系统总氮去除效果最佳,可以达到69.5%,系统好氧段可实现同步硝化反硝化除氮.通过对系统氮进行物料衡算发现,23.7%的总氮通过好氧段多级A/O反硝化脱氮去除.当DO浓度为1.00~3.00 mg·L-1时,总磷(TP)去除率较高,可以达到74.0%.DO浓度控制在1.00~1.50 mg·L-1之间时,系统脱氮除磷效果最佳,此时TN、TP的去除率分别为68.9%、73.7%,二级生化处理段出水TN、TP分别为12.02、0.95 mg·L-1.     

进水C/N对A~2/O-BCO工艺反硝化除磷特性的影响

采用厌氧/缺氧/好氧与生物接触氧化工艺组成的双污泥系统(A~2/O-BCO)处理实际生活污水.通过投加乙酸钠调节进水碳氮比(C/N=2.44~8.85),考察了系统的反硝化除磷特性.试验结果表明:进水有机物主要是通过改变硝化性能(即缺氧段反硝化负荷)以及聚-β-羟基链烷酸脂(PHA)的贮存和利用,进而影响系统的脱氮除磷效果.当进水C/N为4~5时,COD、TN和PO_4~(3-)-P去除率分别达到88%,80%和96%,实现了有机物、氮和磷的同步高效去除.碳平衡分析表明,A~2/O反应器去除的COD占去除总量的71.86%~77.28%,BCO反应器去除的COD仅占2%~12%,碳源的高效利用是A~2/O-BCO工艺在低C/N条件下实现深度脱氮除磷的重要原因.此外,通过进水C/N与曝气量、硝化液回流比、厌/缺氧反应时间等相关性的分析,提出了系统的优化运行策略.     

直链烷基苯磺酸钠在厌氧-缺氧-好氧污水处理系统中的迁移转化规律

研究了城市污水处理系统对直链烷基苯磺酸钠（LAS）的去除特性.在厌氧-缺氧-好氧条件下,进行了相应的序批式试验,确定了水相和泥相中LAS降解的动力学参数,建立了LAS在厌氧-缺氧-好氧状态下的去除动力学模型（考虑吸附作用）,并对模型预测的结果与实际测量值进行了比较.结果表明,在不同的泥龄下,LAS 在AAO系统中去除率达到99%,出水中只含微量的LAS（0～20　μg·L^-1）.厌氧池、缺氧池及好氧池LAS污泥吸附量分别为490～710、280～390、69～109　μg·g^-1.序批式动力学降解试验还表明,厌氧去除速率系数K_厌、缺氧的去除速率系数K_缺与好氧的去除速率常数的比值分别为0.67和0.71,说明在同一污泥系统的厌氧和缺氧条件下,LAS也能被较好的降解.模型得到的各池混合液出水中LAS的浓度模拟结果与实测结果符合较好(误差<8%).     

限量曝气进水时间对硝化颗粒污泥的影响特性研究

缺氧-好氧环境的交替循环对氨氧化细菌和亚硝酸盐氧化细菌具有重要影响.本研究通过逐渐增加限量曝气进水时间(从10 min至120 min)延长缺氧时段,考察柱形SBR中硝化颗粒污泥对不同缺氧-好氧环境交替循环的响应特性.整个研究过程中,硝化颗粒污泥保持着稳定的颗粒特征,粒径大于0.8 mm的颗粒污泥占总污泥量的质量分数始终在95%以上,颗粒平均沉降速率维持在125～130 m·h-1之间.尽管缺氧时段不断延长,但NH+4-N去除率和NO-2-N累积率分别稳定在(60±5)%、(85±5)%;此外,在每个周期的曝气反应时段,NH+4-N的去除速率以及NO-2-N和NO-3-N的累积速率分别保持在90mg·(L·h)-1、70 mg·(L·h)-1和15 mg·(L·h)-1左右.以上结果表明,限量进水时间的延长及其所造成的不同时间跨度的缺氧环境对硝化颗粒污泥没有较为显著的影响.     

施用畜禽粪便堆肥品的蔬菜地CH4、N2O和NH3排放特征

农田是重要的温室气体排放来源之一,其中蔬菜地的温室气体排放日益受到人们关注.以北京市郊某温室种植的油麦菜地为研究对象,通过大棚试验,考察和比较了油麦菜地施用不同类型畜禽粪便堆肥产品的CH4、N2O和NH3排放特征及其影响因素.结果表明,油麦菜地NRM、RM、CF处理的CH4排放系数分别为0.2%、0.027%、0.004%;N2O排放系数分别为0.18%、0.63%、0.74%;NH3排放系数分别为2.00%、3.98%、2.53%.CH4排放通量与土壤温度和地表湿度相关,N2O排放通量与土壤温度、地表温度和湿度相关,CH4、N2O和NH3排放通量均受土壤含水率影响,而温室中的气温不是影响CH4、N2O和NH3排放的主要因素.     

厌氧水解酸化-好氧氧化A1/A2/O工艺剩余污泥减量

在碱减量印染废水A₁/A₂/O生物处理系统,通过污泥回流、把剩余污泥回流到A₁段,利用A段污泥的水解、酸化和O段微生物的好氧氧化作用可有效实现对回流剩余污泥的减量,同时O段好氧污泥的表观产率系数下降,系统产生的剩余污泥量减少.厌氧水解酸化-好氧氧化A₁/A₂/O工艺实现污泥减量由3段共同完成:A₁段实现回流剩余污泥的“液化”和惰性化;A₂段对系统污泥减量起到了强化作用;而O段微生物的合成作用在逐渐减弱.6个月连续运行的动态试验表明,在A₁段的容积负荷(COD_Cr)为2.54 kg·(m³·d)^-1、水力停留时间为7.56h条件下,A₁段利用水解酸化作用对回流剩余污泥的减量达到67.87%,系统O段好氧污泥的表观产率系数也下降到试验初始时的45.5%.在A₁/A₂/O污泥减量系统中,各段污泥性状发生了变化,A₁段污泥[MLVSS/MLSS]值从试验开始时的0.718 2下降到0.592 2,A₂段污泥[MLVSS/MLSS]值从0.667 3下降到0.526 7,剩余污泥的减量是活性污泥逐渐惰性化过程,污泥的粒度分析也证明了这一点.     

不同污水处理工艺非二氧化碳温室气体的释放

甲烷和氧化亚氮是两种重要的非二氧化碳温室气体.城市污水处理厂是甲烷和氧化亚氮的重要释放源.因此,为探究不同污水处理工艺甲烷和氧化亚氮的释放现状和变化规律,通过浮流式表面集气罩对西安市第三污水处理厂（Orbal氧化沟工艺）和第四污水处理厂（A/A/O工艺）生物处理过程中甲烷和氧化亚氮的排放情况进行测定,比较不同污水处理工艺中非二氧化碳温室气体的释放情况,并以第四污水处理厂为例研究溶解氧、温度对非二氧化碳温室气体释放量的影响.结果表明,西安市第三污水处理厂每m³进水释放甲烷1181 mg（以CH₄计）、氧化亚氮36.20 mg（以N₂O计）,西安市第四污水处理厂每m³进水释放甲烷209 mg（以CH₄计）、氧化亚氮54.64 mg（以N₂O计）.温度、曝气方式、溶解氧浓度、亚硝酸盐氧化速率和最大产甲烷活性是甲烷和氧化亚氮释放量的重要影响因素.     

市政污水厂典型A2O工艺低碳运行的系统性评估

在“碳达峰、碳中和”的目标下，系统评估典型A²O工艺运行的碳排放当量及其组成，对我国市政污水厂的低碳运行具有重要的指导意义.以焦作市第一污水厂2020年的运行资料为研究案例，基于相关指南，引入水温因素构建阿伦尼乌斯公式模型用于核算直接碳排放过程，从电能消耗、药剂投加和污泥运输这3个方面核算间接碳排放过程.结果表明，CH₄和N₂O日排放强度为(115±56)kg·d^-1和(30±18)kg·d^-1;生化处理工段的能耗和药剂间接碳排放占比分别达到48.4%和51.3%; 2020年污水厂总计碳排放当量(以CO₂eq计)为2.17×10⁴t,单位污水碳排放当量(0.63±0.07)kg·m^-3;不同碳排放占比的大小顺序为：污水能耗(36.5%)>污水药剂(26.6%)>N₂O直接(15.4%)>污泥药剂(9.6%)>污泥能耗(6.7%)>CH₄直...     

Effect of short-term atrazine addition on the performance of an anaerobic/anoxic/oxic process

In this study, an anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (A²O) wastewater treatment process was implemented to treat domestic wastewater with short-term atrazine addition. The results provided an evaluation on the effects of an accidental pollution on the operation of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in relation to Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and biological nutrient removal. Domestic wastewater with atrazine addition in 3 continuous days was treated when steady biological nutrient removal was achieved in the A²O process. The concentrations of atrazine were 15, 10, and 5 mg·L⁻¹ on days 1, 2 and 3, respectively. The results showed that atrazine addition did not affect the removal of COD. The specific NH₄ ⁺ oxidation rate and NO₃ ⁻ reduction rate decreased slightly due to the short-term atrazine addition. However, it did not affect the nitrogen removal due to the high nitrification and denitrification capacity of the system. Total nitrogen (TN) removal was steady, and more than 70% was removed during the period studied. The phosphorus removal rate was not affected by the short-term addition of atrazine under the applied experimental conditions. However, more poly-hydroxy-alkanoate (PHA) was generated and utilized during atrazine addition. The results of the oxygen uptake rate (OUR) showed that the respiration of nitrifiers decreased significantly, while the activity of carbon utilizers had no obvious change with the atrazine addition. Atrazine was not removed with the A²O process, even via absorption by the activated sludge in the process of the short-term addition of atrazine.