中国农业源甲烷和氧化亚氮排放的影响因素

基于清单方法对中国的甲烷（CH₄）及氧化亚氮（N₂O）等农业源非二氧化碳（CO₂）温室气体（GHG）排放情况进行核算研究,通过引入Tapio弹性脱钩理论和对数平均迪氏指数（LMDI）方法研究了中国农业源CH₄和N₂O排放的影响因素.结果表明：①1980—2018年中国农业源CH₄和N₂O排放量由0.56×10⁹ t CO₂-eq上升至0.73×10⁹ t CO₂-eq;②1980—2018年中国农业源CH₄和N₂O排放随着农业总产值增长而缓慢增加,整体呈弱脱钩状态,但其脱钩状态稳定性较差;③从LMDI因素分解角度看,经济因素和人口规模因素对中国农业源CH₄和N₂O排放呈正效应,经济因素影响最大;效率因素和结构因素均对中国农业源CH₄和N₂O排放有减缓作用,其中,效率因素为主要抑制因素;④结构因素、效率因素和人口规模因素对脱钩努力的影响程度为效率因素>结构因素>人口规模因素.     

城市草坪温室气体排放特征及影响因素

草坪作为城市绿地的重要组成部分，其温室气体的吸收或排放不容忽视.然而当前对亚热带城市草坪温室气体通量的研究相对匮乏.采用静态箱-气相色谱法，对杭州市城区典型城市草坪的多种温室气体（CO₂、CH₄、N₂O和CO）地气交换通量进行了连续观测研究.结果表明，城市草坪的温室气体月平均通量变化明显，而其日变化特征并不明显.城市草地和土壤（无植被生长的裸土）是大气N₂O的源，平均通量分别为（0.66±0.17）μg·（m²·min）^-1和（0.58±0.20）μg·（m²·min）^-1；是CH₄和CO的汇，其中CH₄平均通量分别为（-0.21±0.078）μg·（m²·min）^-1和（-0.26±0.10）μg·（m²·min）^-1，CO分别为（-6.36±1.28）μg·（m²·min）^-1和（-6.55±1.69）μg·（m²·min）^-1.城市草地和土壤CO₂平均通量分别为（5.28±0.75） mg·（m²·min）^-1和（4.83±0.91） mg·（m²·min）^-1.基于相关性分析研究发现，草地和土壤的CO₂和N₂O通量均与降水量呈显著的负相关，而CH₄和CO通量与降水量呈显著的正相关；除草地CH₄通量与土壤温度无显著相关、草地N₂O通量与土壤温度呈显著负相关外，其余各温室气体通量与土壤温度均呈显著正相关.另外，城市草坪的草地和土壤CO₂（R²为0.371和0.314）和N₂O （R²为0.371和0.284）通量季节变化受降水量的影响要大于其它温室气体，而土壤温度对CO通量的影响（R²为0.290和0.234）要显著于其它温室气体.     

中国江河氧化亚氮的排放及其影响因素

氧化亚氮（N₂O）是一种在大气中存留时间很长的强效温室气体,并被认为是21世纪破坏臭氧层的重要物质之一,气候预测需要对自然与人为排放的包括N₂O在内的温室气体进行全面准确地估算.内陆水体是N₂O的重要排放源,由于人为氮输入的增加,江河N₂O的排放量可能逐年升高.本研究总结了江河N₂O排放速率的研究方法,重点汇总了中国各气候带十大流域江河N₂O的溶存浓度和水气界面交换通量,并与世界其他河流进行比较.结果表明我国江河溶存N₂O浓度为0.3~1591 nmol·L^-1,N₂O释放通量为-12.2~2262.1 μmol·m^-2·d^-1,总体与世界其他江河的范围值具有可比性.在此基础上,进一步分析了江河N₂O的产生和释放机理,探讨了水中溶解性无机氮、溶解氧、有机碳以及水文、地形地貌与气象条件等对江河N₂O产生和释放的影响,并讨论了变化环境下江河N₂O的排放特征.     

椰糠生物炭对热区双季稻田N2O和CH4排放的影响

基于稻菜轮作模式,选择海南双季稻田为对象进行氧化亚氮（N₂O）和甲烷（CH₄）排放的原位监测,探究椰糠生物炭对该系统稻田温室气体排放的影响.试验设当地常规施肥对照（CON）、氮肥配施20 t·hm^-2生物炭（B1）、氮肥配施40 t·hm^-2生物炭（B2）及不施氮对照（CK）4个处理,采用静态箱-气相色谱法监测整个水稻种植季稻田N₂O和CH₄排放,并估算增温潜势（GWP）和温室气体排放强度（GHGI）.结果表明,早稻季N₂O排放动态与土壤矿质氮含量密切相关,排放集中在水稻苗期与分蘖期施肥后,各处理早稻季N₂O累积排放量为0.18~0.76 kg·hm^-2,相较于CON处理,生物炭处理减排18%~43%,其中B2处理达显著水平;生物炭可能通过促进N₂O的还原减少早稻苗期N₂O排放;提高土壤硝态氮含量而增加了早稻分蘖期N₂O排放.晚稻季N₂O排放集中在抽穗期和成熟期,累积排放量为0.17~0.34 kg·hm^-2,B1处理减排37%,B2增加3%,差异均不显著.稻田CH₄排放高峰出现在早稻季后期与晚稻季前期.各处理早稻季CH₄累积排放量为3.11~14.87 kg·hm^-2,CK较CON处理增排39%,生物炭处理可能提高土壤通气性限制早稻季产CH₄能力,B1和B2处理分别较CON减排28%和71%;晚稻季CH₄累积排放量为53.1~146.3 kg·hm^-2,排放动态与NH₄⁺-N含量极显著正相关,CK和B1分别较CON处理增加52%和99%,B2处理显著增加176% CH₄排放.早稻季B1和B2处理较CON分别增产12.0%和14.3%,晚稻季分别增产7.6%和0.4%.由于晚稻季甲烷排放的增加,施用生物炭增加了双季稻田总增温潜势（GWP）,其中高量生物炭达显著水平;不同施用量生物炭对双季稻田温室气体排放强度（GHGI）无显著影响.椰糠生物炭在热区稻田温室气体减排方面的应用仍需进一步研究.     

渭南市道路移动源高分辨温室气体排放清单及特征研究

根据渭南市机动车保有量和抽样调查与观测数据,采用MOVES模型计算了渭南市2017—2019年道路移动源CO₂、CH₄、N₂O和CO 4种 温室气体的排放量,分析了机动车车型、燃料和排放标准对温室气体排放量的影响.基于ArcGIS和渭南市道路网信息,建立了高分辨率（1 km× 1 km和1 h×1 h）的温室气体排放清单.结果表明,渭南市2019年道路移动源CO₂、CH₄、N₂O和CO的排放量分别为424.322×10⁴、0.044×10⁴、0.007×10⁴和2.808×10⁴ t,以CO₂当量计,机动车温室气体的总排放量为432.843×10⁴ t. 4种道路移动源温室气体中,CO₂占总温室气体排放量的98.03%.渭南市小型客车对温室气体的贡献率最大,分别排放了43.41%的CO₂、74.78%的N₂O和57.17%的CO.大型客车排放了34.47%的CH₄, 汽油车和天然气汽车是N₂O和CH₄的主要排放源,分别排放了86.76%的N₂O和61.87%的CH₄.渭南市道路移动源温室气体排放强度24 h变化呈“双峰”分布,空间分布呈明显的“线-面”特征,这与道路分布密度高度相关,路网密集的城市中心为机动车温室气体的高排放区.     

稻油不同轮作模式对农田甲烷和氧化亚氮排放的影响

以南方稻区不同轮作模式为研究对象,采用静态箱-气相色谱法研究水稻-油菜轮作处理的甲烷（CH₄）和氧化亚氮（N₂O）排放特征,并估算稻田增温潜势（GWP）和温室气体排放强度（GHGI）.结果表明,双季稻田、一季中（晚）稻田、油菜地和休闲地CH₄平均排放量分别为135.25,55.64、5.05和1.89 kg ·hm^-2,稻季CH₄排放占不同轮作周年CH₄排放的91.8%~98.5%,稻田土壤水溶性有机碳与CH₄排放呈显著正相关,常规晚稻稻田CH₄排放比杂交晚稻高18.7%（P<0.05）;双季稻田、一季中（晚）稻田、油菜地和休闲地N₂O平均排放量分别为0.94、0.64、1.38和0.24 kg ·hm^-2,油菜地的N₂O排放占周年排放的57.2%~70.2%,双季稻和一季稻处理的冬闲农田N₂O排放占周年排放的17.8%和30.6%,杂交稻和常规稻稻田N₂O排放无显著性差异;双季稻-冬闲和双季稻-油菜的GWP处理高于稻-油和稻-冬闲处理,稻季排放CH₄的GWP占轮作周年GWP排放的71.2%~90.9%;GHGI以稻-稻-油菜最高,稻-油和稻-冬闲处理较低,综合环境效益和经济效益,建议南方稻区选择杂交晚稻-油菜的种植模式,有利于南方多熟制稻田的温室气体减排.     

北京地区暖温带森林土壤温室气体排放规律

本研究利用静态箱法在北京市东灵山暖温带森林生长期选择3种不同类型的森林(阔叶混交林、辽东栎林和油松林)的土壤进行了温室气体(CH₄、CO₂和N₂O)排放规律的野外原位观测.研究结果表明:暖温带主要代表森林类型的土壤作为CH₄的汇吸收大气中的CH₄,同时作为CO₂和N₂O的源向大气排放.观测结果显示:不同的森林土壤类型其温室气体排放通量、范围各不相同,阔叶混交林土壤CH₄、CO₂和N₂O通量范围分别是:42～103μg/(m²·h),15～344mg/(m²·h)和-61～101μg/(m²·h);辽东栎林土壤3种气体通量范围分别是:13～182 μg/(m²·h),23～380mg/(m²·h)和-15～183 μg/(m²·h);油松林土壤3种气体通量范围分别是:12～128 μg/(m²·h),15～292mg/(m²·h) 和 -94～153 μg/(m²·h).观测期内阔叶混交林土壤CH₄、CO₂和N₂O平均通量分别是:-66 μg/(m²·h),145mg/(m²·h)和22 μg/(m²·h);辽东栎林土壤3种气体平均通量分别是:-67 μg/(m²·h),146mg/(m²·h)和45μg/(m²·h);油松林土壤3种气体平均通量分别是:-79 μg/(m²·h),150mg/(m²·h)和31μg/(m²·h).本研究估算了不同类型的森林土壤不同的温室气体生长期内的排放总量,阔叶混交林土壤CH₄、CO₂和N₂O排放总量分别是:-5.34kg/(hm²·a),13.9Mg/(hm²·a) 和2.58kg/(hm²·a); 辽东栎林土壤3种气体排放总量分别是:-6.20kg/(hm²·a), 14.07Mg/(hm²·a)和4.19kg/(hm²·a); 油松林土壤3种气体排放总量分别是-6.85kg/(hm²·a), 15.71Mg/(hm²·a)和4.30kg/(hm²·a).     

温度和基质浓度对厌氧氨氧化工艺中N2O释放的影响

污水生物脱氮工艺中通常会释放温室气体N₂O,厌氧氨氧化工艺作为新型生物脱氮工艺,其N₂O的释放规律及机制值得深入研究.本文利用厌氧氨氧化序批试验,研究了不同温度和基质浓度对厌氧氨氧化工艺中N₂O释放的影响,并探讨了N₂O释放的微生物机制.结果表明,厌氧氨氧化工艺中进水基质浓度的增加会促进N₂O释放,在35℃条件下,当进水亚硝氮从40 mg ·L^-1增加至60 mg ·L^-1和120 mg ·L^-1时,N₂O最高积累浓度从0.5 mg ·L^-1增加至1.5 mg ·L^-1和2.4 mg ·L^-1,分别占总氮去除量的0.85%、1.43%和1.11%.温度降低对厌氧氨氧化活性抑制作用明显,15℃下的比厌氧氨氧化活性仅为30℃时的6%.温度降低导致厌氧氨氧化工艺中N₂O的释放减少,温度降低时反硝化速率的降低是导致N₂O产生速率降低、N₂O积累减少的主要原因.厌氧氨氧化工艺微生物群落中存在丰富的异养反硝化菌,工艺中N₂O积累主要是反硝化菌产生和消耗N₂O的结果.     

地膜覆盖对菜地垄沟CH4和N2O排放的影响

为了探讨地膜覆盖对菜地垄沟温室气体CH₄和N₂O排放的影响,以位于西南大学农业部重庆紫色土生态环境重点野外科学观测试验站内辣椒-萝卜轮作菜地为研究对象,采用静态暗箱/气相色谱法,进行为期1 a的田间原位观测.本试验设置常规和覆膜两种处理方式,研究地膜覆盖对菜地垄沟中CH₄和N₂O排放的影响.结果表明,地膜覆盖能极显著提高土壤全年pH（P<0.01）,显著提高全年的地表温度和地下5 cm温度（P<0.05）,显著提高萝卜季土壤含水率（P<0.05）.不论是辣椒季还是萝卜季,覆膜显著降低了垄的CH₄排放（P<0.05）,辣椒季垄的CH₄平均排放通量常规和覆膜处理分别为0.110 mg·（m²·h）^-1和0.028 mg·（m²·h）^-1,萝卜季分别为0.011 mg·（m²·h）^-1和-0.019 mg·（m²·h）^-1,但覆膜对沟的CH₄排放没有显著影响（P>0.05）,辣椒季常规和覆膜处理分别为0.058 mg·（m²·h）^-1和0.057 mg·（m²·h）^-1,萝卜季分别为0.083 mg·（m²·h）^-1和0.092 mg·（m²·h）^-1,对比垄和沟,除了辣椒季常规处理下垄CH₄排放量显著高于沟,其它均为沟显著高于垄,这与西南地区较高的降雨量下沟内较稳定的缺氧环境有关.覆膜处理对N₂O没有显著影响,辣椒季垄N₂O的平均排放通量常规和覆膜处理下分别为65.41 μg·（m²·h）^-1和68.39 μg·（m²·h）^-1,萝卜季分别为78.43 μg·（m²·h）^-1和66.19 μg·（m²·h）^-1,辣椒季沟N₂O的平均排放通量分别为19.82 μg·（m²·h）^-1和22.85 μg·（m²·h）^-1,萝卜季分别为35.80 μg·（m²·h）^-1和40.00 μg·（m²·h）^-1,均无显著差异（P>0.05）,对比垄和沟,垄N₂O的排放量显著高于沟,N₂O主要由垄向大气排放.CH₄排放通量与地表及地下5 cm温度呈显著正相关,N₂O的排放通量仅与碱解氮和铵态氮含量呈显著正相关.     

铁碳微电解填料对人工湿地温室气体排放的影响

随着全球气候变暖的问题日益严重,人工湿地中温室气体的减排措施也受到越来越多的关注.铁碳微电解填料对废水处理效果良好且具备温室气体减排的潜力,为探究铁碳微电解对间歇曝气人工湿地温室气体排放的影响,本研究构建了以铁碳微电解填料+砾石（湿地Ⅰ）、铁碳微电解填料+沸石（湿地Ⅱ）、沸石（湿地Ⅲ）以及砾石（湿地Ⅳ）为基质的4组人工湿地,并利用间歇曝气技术对湿地系统进行了增氧.结果表明,铁碳微电解填料显著提高了间歇曝气人工湿地的脱氮效果,且具备对人工湿地温室气体的减排作用.与湿地Ⅳ相比,湿地Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ的CH₄排放通量分别平均降低了32.81%（P<0.05）、52.66%（P<0.05）和54.50%（P<0.05）,其中沸石对CH₄的减排效果较优,能显著降低曝气段和非曝气段人工湿地CH₄的排放.铁碳微电解填料明显减少了N₂O的排放,与湿地Ⅳ相比,湿地Ⅰ和Ⅱ分别实现N₂O减排30.29%~60.63%（P<0.05）和43.10%~73.87%（P<0.05）.各组湿地系统在典型周期内排放的CH₄和N₂O引起的综合GWP（以CO₂-eq计）分别为（85.21±6.48）、（49.24±3.52）、（127.97±11.44）和（137.13±11.45）g·m^-2,铁碳微电解填料与沸石的联合使用有效实现了人工湿地温室气体的减排.总体而言,湿地Ⅱ在间歇曝气的条件下对污水净化效果最好,温室气体的减排效果最佳.     

不同氮、磷肥用量下双季稻田的CH4和N2O排放

以红壤双季稻田为研究对象,采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法对2009年水稻生长期内不施肥（CK）,平衡施肥（BF）、减氮磷一（DNP1）、减氮磷二（DNP2）和增氮磷（INP）等5个处理的CH4和N2O排放通量以及环境因素进行观测.结果表明,早稻生长期间BF、DNP1、DNP2和INP的CH4平均排放通量为4.57、5.42、...     

不同施氮处理下旱作农田土壤CH_4、N_2O气体排放特征研究

依托甘肃农业大学布设在定西市李家堡镇的长期施氮定位实验,对不同施氮农田CH4和N2O气体通量,采用静态箱-气相色谱法进行小麦生育期的连续观测,并对影响通量变化的环境因子同期观测.结果表明:5个施氮处理下(0、52.5、105、157.5、210 kg·hm-2),旱作农田土壤在小麦全生育期内表现为CH4累积通量的汇和N2O累积通量的源;且不施氮处理时,CH4累积吸收通量最大;施氮量为210 kg·hm-2时,土壤CH4的累积吸收通量所受抑制最大,即土壤CH4累积吸收通量随施氮量升高而降低.相反,不施氮处理时,土壤N2O的累积排放通量最小,施氮量为210 kg·hm-2时,土壤N2O的累积排放通量最大,土壤N2O累积排放通量随施氮量的增加而增大.综合分析,施氮量增大会抑制全生育期旱作春小麦田土壤CH4吸收通量,提高土壤N2O的排放通量.因此,合理控制施氮量有利于生育期旱作农田土壤减排.CH4平均吸收通量随土壤温度的升高而降低,随土壤水分的升高而升高;相反,N2O平均排放通量随土壤温度的升高而升高,随土壤水分的升高而降低.5~10 cm层次的土壤温度与CH4平均吸收通量呈极显著线性负相关,与N2O平均排放通量呈显著正相关.5~10 cm层次的土壤水分与CH4平均吸收通量呈极显著线性正相关,与N2O平均排放通量呈显著负相关.     

Methane and nitrous oxide emissions from a subtropical coastal embayment (Moreton Bay, Australia)

Surface water methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) concentrations and fluxes were investigated in two subtropical coastal embayments (Bramble Bay and Deception Bay, which are part of the greater Moreton Bay, Australia). Measurements were done at 23 stations in seven campaigns covering different seasons during 2010-2012. Water-air fluxes were estimated using the Thin Boundary Layer approach with a combination of wind and currents-based models for the estimation of the gas transfer velocities. The two bays were strong sources of both CH₄ and N₂O with no significant differences in the degree of saturation of both gases between them during all measurement campaigns. Both CH₄ and N₂O concentrations had strong temporal but minimal spatial variability in both bays. During the seven seasons, CH₄ varied between 500% and 4000% saturation while N₂O varied between 128 and 255% in the two bays. Average seasonal CH₄ fluxes for the two bays varied between 0.5 ± 0.2 and 6.0 ± 1.5 mg CH₄/(m²·day) while N₂O varied between 0.4 ± 0.1 and 1.6 ± 0.6 mg N₂O/(m²·day). Weighted emissions (t CO₂-e) were 63%-90% N₂O dominated implying that a reduction in N₂O inputs and/or nitrogen availability in the bays may significantly reduce the bays' greenhouse gas (GHG) budget. Emissions data for tropical and subtropical systems is still scarce. This work found subtropical bays to be significant aquatic sources of both CH₄ and N₂O and puts the estimated fluxes into the global context with measurements done from other climatic regions.     

Methane and nitrous oxide emissions from a subtropical coastal embayment (Moreton Bay,Australia)

Surface water methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) concentrations and fluxes were investigated in two subtropical coastal embayments (Bramble Bay and Deception Bay, which are part of the greater Moreton Bay, Australia). Measurements were done at 23 stations in seven campaigns covering different seasons during 2010–2012. Water–air fluxes were estimated using the Thin Boundary Layer approach with a combination of wind and currents-based models for the estimation of the gas transfer velocities. The two bays were strong sources of both CH₄ and N₂O with no significant differences in the degree of saturation of both gases between them during all measurement campaigns. Both CH₄ and N₂O concentrations had strong temporal but minimal spatial variability in both bays. During the seven seasons, CH₄ varied between 500% and 4000% saturation while N₂O varied between 128 and 255% in the two bays. Average seasonal CH₄ fluxes for the two bays varied between 0.5 ± 0.2 and 6.0 ± 1.5 mg CH₄/(m²·day) while N₂O varied between 0.4 ± 0.1 and 1.6 ± 0.6 mg N₂O/(m²·day). Weighted emissions (t CO₂-e) were 63%–90% N₂O dominated implying that a reduction in N₂O inputs and/or nitrogen availability in the bays may significantly reduce the bays' greenhouse gas (GHG) budget. Emissions data for tropical and subtropical systems is still scarce. This work found subtropical bays to be significant aquatic sources of both CH₄ and N₂O and puts the estimated fluxes into the global context with measurements done from other climatic regions.     

Characteristics of greenhouse gas emission in three full-scale wastewater treatment processes

Three full-scale wastewater treatment processes, Orbal oxidation ditch, anoxic/anaerobic/aerobic （reversed A^2O） and anaerobic/anoxic/aerobic （A^2O）, were selected to investigate the emission characteristics of greenhouse gases （GHG）, including carbon dioxide （CO2）, methane （CH4） and nitrous oxide （N2O）. Results showed that although the processes were different, the units presenting high GHG emission fluxes were remarkably similar, namely the highest CO2 and N2O emission fluxes occurred in the aerobic areas, and the highest CH4 emission fluxes occurred in the grit tanks. The GHG emission amount of each unit can be calculated from its area and GHG emission flux. The calculation results revealed that the maximum emission amounts of CO2, CH4 and N2O in the three wastewater treatment processes appeared in the aerobic areas in all cases. Theoretically, CH4 should be produced in anaerobic conditions, rather than aerobic conditions. However, results in this study showed that the CH4 emission fluxes in the forepart of the aerobic area were distinctly higher than in the anaerobic area. The situation for N2O was similar to that of CH4： the N2O emission flux in the aerobic area was also higher than that in the anoxic area. Through analysis of the GHG mass balance, it was found that the flow of dissolved GHG in the wastewater treatment processes and aerators may be the main reason for this phenomenon. Based on the monitoring and calculation results, GHG emission factors for the three wastewater treatment processes were determined. The A^2O process had the highest CO2 emission factor of 319.3 g CO2/kg CODremoved, and the highest CH4 and N2O emission factors of 3.3 g CH4/kg CODremoved and 3.6 g N2O/kg TNremoved were observed in the Orbal oxidation ditch process.     

Methane and nitrous oxide fluxes from four tundra ecotopes in Ny-Ålesund of the High Arctic

During the summers of 2008 and 2009, net methane（CH4） and nitrous oxide（N2O） fluxes were investigated from 4 tundra ecotopes： normal lowland tundra（LT）, bird sanctuary tundra（BT）, the tundra in an abandoned coal mine（CT） and the tundra in scientific bases（ST） in Ny-Alesund of the High Arctic. Tundra soils in CT（184.5 ± 40.0 μg CH4/（m2·hr）） and ST（367.6 ± 92.3 μg CH4/（m2·hr）） showed high CH4 emissions due to the effects of human activities, whereas high CH4 uptake or low emission occurred in the soils of LT and BT.The lowland tundra soils（mean,-4.4-4.3 μg N2O/（m2·hr）） were weak N2 O sources and even sinks. Bird activity increased N2 O emissions from BT with the mean flux of7.9 μg N2O/（m2·hr）. The mean N2 O fluxes from CT（45.4 ± 10.2 μg N2O/（m2·hr）） and ST（78.8 ± 18.5 μg N2O/（m2·hr）） were one order of magnitude higher than those from LT and BT, indicating that human activities significantly increased N2 O emissions from tundra soils. Soil total carbon and water regime were important factors affecting CH4 fluxes from tundra soils. The N2 O fluxes showed a significant positive correlation with ammonia nitrogen（NH4＋-N） contents（r = 0.66, p 〈 0.001） at all the observation sites, indicating that ammonia nitrogen（NH4＋-N） content acted as a strong predictor for N2 O emissions from tundra soils. The CH4 and N2O fluxes did not correspond to the temperature variations of soil at 0-15 cm depths.Overall our results implied that human activities might have greater effects on soil CH4 and N2O emissions than current climate warming in Ny-Alesund, High Arctic.     

2010年中国机动车CH4和N2O排放清单

中国大部分机动车温室气体排放研究都集中于CO₂排放,对于CH₄和N₂O等排放的研究鲜见. 以中国机动车污染防治年报(2011年)、中国汽车工业年鉴(2011年)、中国统计年鉴(2011年)以及交通运输部发布的相关信息和数据(2011年)等为基础,结合文献调研和2008─2010年对北京、广州等国内10余座典型城市的实地调查结果,获得2010年我国机动车活动水平及排放特征. 基于上述基础信息,解析得到按不同车型、燃料和车龄分布的机动车保有量、年均行驶里程及排放因子,建立2010年中国机动车CH₄和N₂O排放清单. 结果表明:2010年中国机动车CH₄和N₂O排放量分别为23.90×104和6.01×104t,折算成CO₂分别为501.99×104和1862.51×104t. 不确定性分析则显示,中国CH₄排放量在18.21×104～27.52×104t之间,N₂O排放量在4.32×104～7.62×104t之间. 在机动车中,汽车CH₄和N₂O排放量最大,分担率(某车型污染物排放量占机动车排放总量的比例)分别为77.99%和94.22%,而摩托车和农用车排放分担率较小. 在各类汽车中,CH₄排放主要来源于轻型汽油车和天然气出租车,二者的排放分担率分别为47.98%和23.42%;N₂O排放则主要源于轻型汽油车,其分担率为73.09%. 因此,轻型汽油车是削减机动车CH₄和N₂O排放的重点车型,同时天然气出租车也应作为控制CH₄排放的主要车型.      

优化施肥模式对我国热带地区水稻-豇豆轮作系统N2O和CH4排放的影响

选择海南典型的水稻-豇豆轮作系统进行氧化亚氮(N_2O)和甲烷(CH_4)排放的原位监测,探究不同施肥模式下该系统土壤温室气体排放特征.试验设当地常规施肥对照(CON)、优化施肥量(OPT)、有机无机配施(ORG)、缓控肥替代优化(SCOPT)及不施氮对照(CK)共5个处理,采用静态箱-气相色谱法监测整个种植季土壤N_2O和CH_4排放,并估算增温潜势(GWP)和温室气体排放强度(GHGI).结果表明,各处理水稻季N_2O累积排放量为0. 19～1. 37 kg·hm~(-2),相较于CON处理,优化施肥处理N_2O减排50%～86%;豇豆季N_2O累积排放量为1. 29～3. 55 kg·hm~(-2),除ORG增加14%,其他处理减排16%～59%.各处理水稻季CH_4累积排放量为4. 67～14. 23 kg·hm~(-2),CK、OPT和ORG处理分别较CON增加116%、22%和102%,而SCOPT减少了29%;豇豆季CH_4累积排放量为0. 03～0. 26 kg·hm~(-2),期间出现CH_4吸收.比较两个作物季和休闲期对农田土壤直接排放的温室气体GWP的贡献率,豇豆季在CH_4排放极低的情况下,仍有44. 7%～54. 5%的占比;两种温室气体比较中,N_2O对GWP的贡献率为66. 7%～77. 2%. SCOPT处理的GWP和两季作物GHGI均显著低于CON处理.3个优化施肥处理中,SCOPT的增产减排效果最显著,为最优的施肥方案.     

Relationships of nitrous oxide fluxes with water quality parameters in free water surface constructed wetlands

The effects of chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration in the influent on nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions, together with the relationships between N₂O and water quality parameters in free water surface constructed wetlands, were investigated with laboratoryscale systems. N₂O emission and purification performance of wastewater were very strongly dependent on COD concentration in the influent, and the total N₂O emission in the system with middle COD influent concentration was the least. The relationships between N₂O and the chemical and physical water quality variables were studied by using principal component scores in multiple linear regression analysis to predict N₂O flux. The multiple linear regression model against principal components indicated that different water parameters affected N₂O flux with different COD concentrations in the influent, but nitrate nitrogen affected N₂O flux in all systems.