HPLC分析刺五加叶中金丝桃苷与绿原酸含量

对刺五加叶中金丝桃苷与绿原酸进行含量测定,探讨其最佳采收期,并比较不同采收期仿生栽培品与野生品刺五加叶中主要活性成分的含量差异,利用高效液相色谱法测定仿生栽培与野生刺五加叶中金丝桃苷与绿原酸的含量。在仿生刺五加叶中,金丝桃苷与绿原酸分别在6月8日、5月19日达到最高值,含量分别为0.478%、0.899%;在野生刺五加叶中,金丝桃苷与绿原酸分别在5月29日、5月19日达到最高值,含量分别为0.156%、0.704%。仿生栽培刺五加叶与野生刺五加叶主成份含量差异显著,且仿生栽培刺五加叶主成份明显高于野生刺五加叶主成份,因此仿生栽培刺五加叶可以替代野生刺五加叶作药用。这不但为日益减少的野生资源开辟了新药源,而且为刺五加叶的进一步开发应用及质量控制奠定了基础。     

土壤镉处理对棉花镉吸收及分布规律的影响

用CdCl2将盆栽土壤Cd浓度处理为1mg／kg、5mg／kg、10mg／kg、20mg,／kg、30mg／kg种植棉花,研究棉花对镉的吸收及镉在棉花体内的分布规律。结果表明,当土壤镉浓度小于30mg／kg时,镉在棉花体内的分布呈现不同的规律。当土壤镉浓度小于5mg／kg时,镉主要分布在棉花的地上部;当土壤镉浓度大于20mg／kg时,镉主要分布在棉花的叶片、根、茎中,其中叶片的镉含量最高,棉絮镉含量最低。不同镉污染水平下,棉花的镉富集系数均小于1。当土壤镉污染浓度为5mg／kg时,棉花叶片的镉富集系数为0．76。在同一镉污染水平下,棉花叶片的镉转运系数最高。当土壤镉含量小于20mg／kg时,棉花茎、叶、棉絮的转运系数平均为4．63。     

应全面开发利用黄连资源

黄连药用根茎。但在过去长期不能满足用药需要的情况下,产地曾将须根、叶片、叶柄及加工药材中的残渣等加以收购,作为人畜用药的代用品。然而,由于其成分含量差异很大,疗效不稳定。为了克服用药中的混乱,并随着生产发展的好转,将其禁用于中药之内,作为药政管理措施,这是完全正确的。但是,我国的黄连总产量已达75万kg以     

薄层扫描法分析黄芪中黄芪甲苷含量

研究不同产地、不同生长期野生与栽培黄芪中黄芪甲苷含量的变化,确定其最佳采收期,为更好地开发利用黄芪资源提供理论依据。建立其分析方法,为黄芪的现代质量评价体系提供参考数据,扩大黄芪药源。采用薄层扫描法,结果表明黄芪甲苷在1.1—5.5μg范围内具有良好的线性关系,R2=0.998,n=3;平均回收率(n=3)为100.50%,RSD=2.19%。吉林省临江种植基地10月20日采收的黄芪中黄芪甲苷含量最高为1.195%,10月15日采收的黄芪甲苷含量为1.164%。不同产地的黄芪中黄芪甲苷的含量为甘肃吉林临江内蒙古黑龙江吉林长春河北。黄芪药材在贮存6个月之后的黄芪甲苷含量有所下降。该方法简便、精密度高、结果准确可靠,并确立了黄芪药材的最佳采收期为3年生10月中下旬。种植基地黄芪药材可代替野生黄芪药材使用,为黄芪药材的药用资源和深入开发利用提供了基础依据。     

施入城市生活垃圾堆肥对玉米植株重金属分布及土壤养分的影响

以玉米为供试作物,研究施入生活垃圾堆肥对土壤和玉米各器官重金属分布规律及对土壤养分的影响。结果表明：连续3年施肥,土壤速效养分的含量明显增加;土壤重金属呈现累积,但含量远远低于二级土壤标准（GB 15618—1995）;植株中重金属含量表现为根部〉茎秆〉叶片〉籽粒,Cd在植株根部富集,但未大量向其他部位转移,玉米植株地上部分重金属含量明显低于饲料卫生标准（GB 13078—2001）。由此推断,在短期内（3年）,年施入60 000 kg·hm^-2的垃圾堆肥能提高土壤肥力,且暂时不会引起土壤重金属污染,也不影响玉米植株的饲用;使用多年后应及时监测,以保证安全性。     

多花黄精总蛋白质提取工艺优化

对多花黄精主根与须根总蛋白质的提取工艺进行了研究.在对料液比、离心转速、NaCl溶液的浓度等进行单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验确定了多花黄精主根与须根总蛋白质提取的最佳工艺条件,即对多花黄精主根蛋白质的提取最佳条件为料液比1:15、NaCl浓度0.10mol/L、转速为2500r/min;须根蛋白的提取最佳条件为料液比1:15、NaCl浓度0.20 mol/L、转速为4500r/min.在相同的提取条件下,多花黄精主根与须根的蛋白质得率差异显著.须根中蛋白质的含量与主根的差异性不显著,须根的利用价值也很高,有待于进一步开发利用.     

HPLC分析甘草中甘草酸和甘草苷含量

研究不同产地、不同生长期的野生与栽培甘草中甘草酸、甘草苷含量的变化,确定其最佳采收期。为了更好地开发利用甘草资源提供理论依据,建立了分析方法,为甘草的现代质量评价体系提供参考数据,扩大甘草药源。采用高效液相色谱测定不同产地、不同生长期野生与栽培甘草中甘草酸、甘草苷的含量。甘草酸在0.4—6μg范围内具有良好的线性关系,r=0.9999,平均回收率(n=3)为101.83%,RSD=0.74%;甘草苷在0.4—6μg范围内具有良好的线性关系,r=0.9998,平均回收率(n=3)为100.50%,RSD=0.22%。该方法确立了甘草的最佳采收期为9月中旬,种植基地的甘草可代替野生甘草使用,为甘草的药用资源和深入开发利用提供了基础依据。该方法简便、精密度高,结果准确可靠。     

长梗黄精主根与须根多糖的提取工艺研究

对长梗黄精主根与须根多糖的提取工艺进行了研究.在对乙醇浓度、浸提温度、浸提时间和粉碎粒度等进行单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验确定了长梗黄精主根与须根多糖提取的最佳工艺条件,即对长梗黄精主根多糖的提取最佳条件为乙醇浓度80％、浸提温度80℃、浸提时间50min、颗粒大小40目,此时多糖提取率为18.754％;而对长梗黄精须根多糖的提取最佳条件为乙醇浓度70％、浸提温度60℃、浸提时间30min、颗粒大小80目,此时多糖提取率为16.652％.须根多糖含量与主根含量差异性不显著,故须根的利用价值也很高,有待开发利用.     

乌江下游沿河到彭水段汞含量调查

本文对乌江下游沿河到彭水段河水，底质，鱼肉，岩坡土壤和木本植物叶片中汞的含量分布情况作了较全面的调查，结果表明乌江下游沿河至彭水段河水汞含量为0.035-0.05μg/l，底质派含量为131-369μg/kg,鱼肉汞含量为10.5-17.5μg/kg，岸坡土壤汞含量为53.0-2904μg/kg，岩坡木本植物叶片汞含量为18.7-93.5μg/kg,汞含量序为，岸坡封>底质>鱼肉>岸坡木本植物叶>河水。     

昌吉城市土壤重金属累积特征研究

如以区域自然土壤背景值作为评价标准,昌吉市城市土壤受到了不同程度的Cr、Cu、Zn污染,其中Cu、Zn的污染较为严重,但并未受到Pb污染.城市土壤重金属含量均高于农业土壤.昌吉市城市土壤中重金属的空间分布规律表现为：Cr在交通密集区含量相对较高,Zn的分布呈西南高-东北低状,Cu的分布规律呈东高西低状;除Pb外,其他3种重金属的空间分布规律性都很强,4种重金属的空间分布差异性都大.Cr、Zn的分布主要受交通运输的影响,工业生产对二者的影响小,风向是Zn分布的另一个主要影响因素;工业布局是Cu分布的主要影响因素;工业生产对Pb分布有影响作用,但作用不明显.     

ECONOMIC APPRAISAL OF A GROUND WATER DEVELOPMENT PROJECT1

A ground water development project in the northern part of Thailand was appraised by means of benefit-cost analysis. This is the first project in Thailand to develop ground water for irrigation purposes and it is also the first project which made use of an underground PVC pipe water distribution system. Results indicate that the project is economically feasible. In comparing different water distribution systems, it is also found that distribution by means of underground PVC pipes is more economical compared to an open ditch system if the life of the latter is relatively short and the rates of inflation are high.     

Predicting Root Density in Streambanks1

Abstract: Roots of riparian vegetation increase streambank erosion resistance and structural stability; therefore, knowledge of root density and distribution in streambanks is useful for stream management and restoration. The objective of this study was to compare streambank root distributions for herbaceous and woody vegetation and to develop empirical models to predict root density. Root length density, root volume ratio, soil physical and chemical properties, and above‐ground vegetation densities were measured at 25 sites on six streams in southwestern Virginia. The Mann‐Whitney test was used to determine differences in root density along stream segments dominated by either woody or herbaceous vegetation. Multiple linear regression was used to develop relationships between root density and site characteristics. Study results showed that roots were evenly distributed across the bank face with the majority of roots having diameters less than 2 mm. Soil bulk density and above‐ground vegetation were key factors influencing root density. While significant relationships were developed to predict root density, the predictive capabilities of the equations was low. Because of the highly variable nature of soil and vegetation properties, it is recommended at this time that soil erodibility and root density be measured in the field for design and modeling purposes, rather than estimated based on empirical relationships.     

不同浓度硒处理对彩叶草铅胁迫的EDXS和XRD分析

以彩叶草（ColeusblumeiBenth．）为材料,用营养液培养方法,研究了不同浓度硒（se）处理对浓度为1．0mmol·L-1Pb2＋胁迫下彩叶草根、叶的形貌变化及其组分形态等变化,从光谱学角度初步探讨了硒对重金属铅毒害的缓解机制。结果表明：铅胁迫下的彩叶草根系c、K、ca含量减少,O、Mg、Al、Si、Fe、Pb含量增加,叶片中的C、Mg、Al、si、K、Ca、Fe含量减少,O、Cl含量增加。铅胁迫下硒处理的彩叶草根元素种类及其元素含量均发生了明显变化;根中晶体情况及其晶相也发生了相应变化。     

Harvesting of rainwater and brooklets water to increase mountain agricultural productivity: A case study from a dry valley of southwestern China

In semi-arid valleys of southwestern China, seasonal shortage of water is the major contributing factor to low and unstable crop yield. Harvesting of both rainwater and brooklets water in the semi-arid valleys of Ningnan county of Sichuan Province has brought about considerable economic and environmental change. Brooklet water is collected throughout the year but mainly during the rainy season in a series of ponds while rainwater is harvested in underground tanks constructed on road side or land boundaries with only a small opening above ground to save limited cropland. Increased water availability has promoted cultivation of sugarcane, tobacco, and mulberry, and increased per unit area yield of food crops. Sericulture, sugarcane and tobacco have become three important sources of farmers' income. The water harvesting has contributed considerably to increased rural income, poverty reduction, reduced soil erosion and improvement in overall environment. Government has played a key role in planning and implementation of water harvesting programmes. Financial support of government and clear ownership of water harvesting facilities are critical for the success of the programme. Application of similar water harvesting techniques in other areas with similar biophysical conditions would contribute to enhancing the rural economy and alleviating poverty.     

Hazard and Effects of Pollution by Lead on Vegetable Crops

Lead (Pb) contamination of the environment is an important human health problem. Children are vulnerable to Pb toxicity; it causes damage to the central nervous system and, in some extreme cases, can cause death. Lead is widespread, especially in the urban environment, and is present in the atmosphere, soil, water and food. Pb tends to accumulate in surface soil because of its low solubility, mobility, and relative freedom from microbial degradation of this element in the soil. Lead is present in soil as a result to weathering and other pedogenic processes acting on the soil parent material; or from pollution arising caused by the anthropogenic activities; such as mining, smelting and waste disposal; or through the adoption of the unsafe and unethical agricultural practices such as using of sewage sludge, and waste water in production of vegetable crops or cultivation of vegetables near highways and industry regions. Lead concentrations are generally higher in the leafy vegetables than the other vegetables. Factors affecting lead uptake included its concentration in the soil, soil pH, soil type, organic matter content, plant species, and unsafe agriculture practices. Generally, as Pb concentration increased; dry matter yields of roots, stems and leaves as well as total yield decreased. The mechanism of growth inhibition by lead involve: a decrease in number of dividing cells, a reduction on chlorophyll synthesis, induced water stress to plants, and decreased NO ₃ ^- uptake, reduced nitrate and nitrite reductase activity, a direct effect of lead on protein synthesis, a decrease on the uptake and concentration of nutrients in plants. The strategies to minimize Pb hazard can be represented in: (a) Phytoremediation, through natural plants are able to bio-accumulate Pb in their above–ground parts, which are then harvested for removal such as, using Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea), Ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia), Hemp Dogbane (Apocynum cannabium), or Poplar trees, which sequester lead in its biomass. (b) Good and ethical agricultural practices such as cultivation of vegetables crops as far from busy streets or highways and industry regions as well as nonuse of sewage sludge and waste water in cultivated soils. (c) Increasing the absorptive capacity of the soil by adding organic matter and humic acid. (d) Growing vegetable crops and cultivars with a low potential to accumulate lead, especially in soils exposed to atmospheric pollution. (e) Washing of leafy vegetables by water containing 1 % vinegar or peeling roots, tubers, and some fruits of vegetables before consumption may be an important factor in reducing the lead concentration.     

Environmental cadmium levels increase phytochelatin and glutathione in lettuce grown in a chelator-buffered nutrient solution

Phytochelatins are enzymatically synthesized peptides involved in metal detoxification and have been measured in plants grown at very high Cd concentrations, but few studies have examined the response of plants at lower environmentally relevant Cd concentrations. Using an ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)-buffered nutrient medium, we have varied Cd exposure and measured phytochelatin and glutathione concentrations in romaine lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. longifolia Lam. var. Parris Island) grown in a flow-through hydroponic (FTH) system. Very low free ionic Cd (10(-9.6) M) increased average phytochelatin concentrations above those of controls, and increasing Cd resulted in increased phytochelatin production, though increases were tissue dependent. Glutathione concentrations also increased with increasing Cd. In other standard hydroponic experiments, the media were manipulated to vary total Cd concentration while the ionic Cd was fixed. We found that the total amount of Cd (primarily EDTA bound) in the medium altered thiol production in roots, whereas thiols in leaves remained constant. The Cd uptake into roots and translocation to old leaves was also influenced by the total concentration in the medium. Cadmium in all tissues was lower and in some tissues thiol concentrations were higher than in FTH-grown plants grown in identical medium, suggesting that nutrient delivery technique is also an important variable. Though phytochelatin and glutathione production can be sensitive to changes in bioavailable Cd, thiol concentrations will not necessarily reflect the Cd content of the plant tissues.     

华北平原地下热水矿床分布规律及形成

我国华北平原分布有大小不等、形状各异的地下热水矿床;赋存于石灰岩地层形成的地质构造凸起部位的地下热水富水性好,井产水量大,自喷能力强,水质好,矿化度低,温度高,具有较高的开发利用价值。华北平原地下热水的热源与第三纪侵入的火成岩无关。地下热水的补给来源是山区大气降水渗入地下经过较大的构造断裂带和碳酸盐岩地层岩溶溶洞、断裂裂隙深循环以后形成的。地下热水的温度主要取决于水循环的深度。     

袋装控释铁肥压根法矫治桃树黄叶病的效果

本文介绍了袋装控释铁肥压根法矫治桃树缺铁黄叶病的效果。该法具有大幅度增加叶绿素含量．提高果实产量,改善果实品质,降低矫治成本,安全可靠,效果好的特点。