中国钢铁行业NO_X减排情景预测

钢铁行业是NOX污染减排的重点领域。在预测钢铁行业未来发展趋势的基础上,基于情景分析法,设置3个NOX排放情景,估算出2020年不同情景下钢铁行业NOX排放量及不同控制措施的减排贡献。研究结果表明,未来钢铁行业产品产量的快速上涨加大了NOX减排压力。在不实施额外NOX控制措施的情况下,2020年钢铁行业NOX排放量约为108万t,相比2013年上涨9%。实施钢铁行业NOX排放控制措施可取得显著的减排效果,根据两种控制情景预计NOX的减排比例分别为5%和13%。淘汰落后产能和烧结烟气循环技术是NOX减排的最有效手段。     

污染物排放削减潜力评估方法——以中小型钢铁企业为例

根据中国中小型钢铁企业污染物排放情况,确立了污染物排放削减潜力评估方法。采用污染物排放削减潜力的数学模型,计算当前生产水平下实施清洁生产和末端治理后对SO2产生量和烟粉尘排放量的削减率,并预测中长期实施清洁生产和末端治理后,污染物产生量和排放量的削减潜力。结果表明,通过采取清洁生产措施和末端治理技术,中小型钢铁企业2020年在4种不同模式下,SO2产生量削减率分别为61.8%、66.4%、73.3%、84.7%;烟粉尘排放量削减率分别为37.9%、44.1%、53.4%、68.9%。通过污染物排放削减潜力的初步研究,不仅从宏观层次上说明了实施清洁生产和末端治理技术的积极意义,而且计算出不同经济发展模式下污染物产生量和排放量的削减量,为行业或区域污染物总量的指标分配和总量控制方案的制订提供了参考依据。     

纺织行业水污染物排放量的关键影响要素研究

分析了2005—2012年纺织行业单位产品的用水量、主要水污染物排放强度和排放浓度的变化趋势,并采用灰色关联度分析方法,对各要素与行业主要水污染物排放量进行了关联分析。结果显示,2005—2012年中国纺织行业主要水污染物的排放强度显著下降,2012年COD和氨氮的排放强度分别为5.93、0.41kg/t,相比2005年分别下降了51.9%和39.7%。与纺织行业COD排放量变化最为密切的指标是单位产品的废水排放量、单位产品取水量与单位产品COD排放量,说明纺织行业生产工艺的提升对行业COD排放量的降低有较为密切的关系。与氨氮排放量变化最为密切的指标是单位企业产品产量、氨氮平均排放浓度与总量类指标,说明企业规模、末端治理工艺与氨氮排放量有较为密切的关系。     

西安市机动车污染控制策略实施效益评估

为研究未来西安市机动车污染控制策略的实施效果,基于情景分析法,以MOVES模型为平台,预测2020年西安市机动车PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、NO_x、总碳氢化合物(THC)、CO、SO_2排放量分别为1 531.41、1 596.33、44 159.48、14 029.62、383 200.08、5 164.63t。设置5类不同控制措施情景,分析其对机动车的减排效果。结果显示:单一措施中,淘汰"黄标车"和老旧车对污染减排效果最明显,6种污染物均有较大幅度减排;调控轻型客车保有量可明显削减THC、CO的排放,减排比例分别为13.49%、18.59%;提升燃油质量可使各车型SO_2的减排比例均达到90%以上;使用替代燃料情景的污染物减排比例相对较低,但也是一种有效的控制策略;综合控制措施的减排效果最为显著,与基准情景相比,2020年PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、NO_x、THC、CO和SO_2减排比例分别为78.50%、78.37%、71.77%、72.47%、76.94%、98.30%。     

中国钢铁行业大气污染物排放清单管理系统研究

针对目前钢铁行业大气污染物清单编制和管理过程中存在的问题和需求,利用全国污染源排放在线监测(CEMS)数据、环境影响评价数据、环境统计数据、污染源普查数据等资料,建立了基于生产工艺的全国钢铁行业大气污染物排放清单管理系统,实现了排放清单的动态化管理和编制等功能。以山东省为例,验证了系统清单生成、输出等功能,结果显示2012年山东省钢铁企业SO_2、NO_x、烟粉尘排放量分别为15.23万、18.16万、8.97万t,其中烧结和高炉工艺是主要排污环节;从空间分布来看,莱芜、日照两市的钢铁企业污染排放量最大,SO_2、NO_x、烟粉尘排放量合计占山东省排放总量的50%左右。     

我国移动源主要大气污染物排放量的估算

在考虑我国移动源主要大气污染物排放标准变化的基础上,分别对我国2000—2012年道路移动源和非道路移动源主要大气污染物(CO、NOx、HC、PM2.5)的排放量进行了估算。研究表明:2000—2012年间,我国移动源主要大气污染物排放总量呈现先增后减的趋势,2005年达到最大值,为4 233万t,其中道路移动源的排放量占80%以上;各类大气污染物的排放量的差异性较大,CO和NOx的排放量较多,占排放总量的87%以上,从整体趋势上来看,CO的排放量逐年较少,NOx的排放量逐年增大,而HC和PM2.5变化不大;摩托车和重型柴油货车是道路移动源主要排放源,农业机械是非道路移动源的主要排放源;移动源排放的主要大气污染物在地区间的分布极不平衡,2012年排放量最高的5个省份依次是山东、河北、河南、广东和江苏;排放强度较大的地区主要集中在环渤海经济圈、长三角地区和珠三角地区,其中又以上海、北京、天津3个直辖市的排放强度最大。     

北京市家具制造业涂料应用过程挥发性有机物排放现状及未来趋势

在调研北京市家具制造业涂料使用现状的基础上,采用排放因子法,分别自上而下计算北京市家具制造业挥发性有机物(VOCs)排放量,自下而上计算重点家具制造企业VOCs排放量,并采用情景分析法对未来北京市家具制造业VOCs排放情况进行预测。结果表明,2015年北京市家具制造业VOCs排放量约为1.37×10~4 t;重点企业VOCs排放量占比约29.4%。通过优化涂料品质使其达到欧美发达国家20世纪末期平均水平,且要求新建企业安装废气末端治理设施,该行业VOCs排放量可控制在1.15×10~4 t;进一步将涂料改进到欧美发达国家先进水平,且规模企业安装废气末端治理设施,该行业VOCs排放量可控制在8.80×10~3 t。对比分析两种控制措施的减排效果,提升涂料品质是控制VOCs排放的最有效措施。     

"十一五"期间中国COD减排情况分析

对2005-2008年中国COD减排情况进行分析,2008年与2005年相比,中国COD净削减量为93.5万t,净削减比例为6.61%,其中工业COD净削减量97.1万t,城镇生活COD净增加量3.6万t.江苏、广东、山东、河南、辽宁、广西、浙江、河北等省的COD净削减量最大,净削减量占全国COD削减总量的64.2%,但这8个省份仍然为COD排放大省,COD排放量和占全国COD排放总量的44.6%.重点调查企业的COD排放量较大的10个行业中,造纸业的COD净削减量最大,纺织业、饮料制造业和化学纤维制造业COD排放量出现少量的增加或基本持平.全国城镇生活COD去除率由2005年的24.8%提高到2008年的33.8%,虽然去除率有所升高,但目前仍然处于较低水平,城镇生活COD还有很大的减排空间.     

中国大陆地区水泥工业PM_(2.5)排放特征研究

根据水泥工业生产技术、生产过程以及PM_(2.5)排放控制水平,采用排放因子法核算了2013年中国大陆不同省份水泥工业PM_(2.5)排放量。估算结果表明:2013年中国大陆地区水泥工业PM_(2.5)排放总量为476.6万t,其中京津冀及周边7省份(包括北京、天津、河北、山东、山西、内蒙古、河南)的PM_(2.5)排放量合计占排放总量的21.3%;熟料水泥生产企业PM_(2.5)排放量占排放总量的73.1%,水泥磨站的PM_(2.5)排放量占26.9%;有组织PM_(2.5)排放量为307.8万t,占排放总量的64.6%,无组织PM_(2.5)排放量为168.8万t,占排放总量的35.4%。     

中国火电行业CO2排放特征探讨

收集了2007年中国火电行业的燃料消耗数据,利用<2006年联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)国家温室气体清单指南>中提供的CO2缺省排放因子,估算了中国火电行业的CO2排放量,分析了火电行业的CO2排放特征.结果表明,煤电机组发电的CO2排放量最高,占火电行业CO2排放总量的93.2%,燃气、燃油机组发电的CO2排放量仅占6.8%.煤电机组构成中,亚临界机组发电的CO2排放量最高,其次为超临界机组,两者的CO2排放量占火电机组发电CO2排放总量的28.4%;超高压、高温高压和中温中压机组发电的CO2排放量共计占21.6%.从区域分布来看,山东省、江苏省、内蒙古自治区、河南省、山西省、河北省、浙江省、广东省、辽宁省、安徽省的火电行业CO2排放量占中国火电行业CO2排放总量的66.00%,这与火电机组的区域分布密切相关.     

Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants

The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.     

The variation of street air levels of PAH and other mutagenic PAC in relation to regulations of traffic emissions and the impact of atmospheric processes

The occurrence of particle associated PAH and other mutagenic PAC was determined in 1996 in the street air of Copenhagen. In addition, particle extracts were tested for mutagenicity. The measurements were compared with previous measurements in 1992/1993. The levels had decreased in this period. The decrease was caused by an implementation of light diesel fuels for buses and the exchange of older petrol-driven passenger cars with catalystequipped new ones. About 65% of the reduction was caused by the application of the light diesel fuels. Under special conditions, chemical processes in the atmosphere produced many more mutagens than the direct emissions. The concentrations of S-PAC and N-PAC were 10 times lower than those of PAH, while the levels of oxy-PAH were in the same order of magnitude as those of PAH. Benzanthrone, an oxy-PAH, is proposed to be formed in the atmosphere in addition to direct emissions. Benzo(a)pyrene, often applied as an air quality criteria indicator, was photochemically degraded in the atmosphere. A strong increase in the mutagenic activities was observed to coincide with a depletion of benzo(a)pyrene.     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Teratological effects of pesticides in vertebrates: a review

Abstract

In the last decades, the use and misuse of pesticides in the agriculture have increased, having a severe impact on ecosystems and their fauna. Although the various effects of pesticides on biodiversity have been already documented in several studies, to our knowledge no consistent overview of the impact of pesticides in vertebrates, both terrestrial and aquatic, is available. In this review, we try to present a concise compilation of the teratogenic effects of pesticides on the different classes of vertebrates – mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

Knowledge transfer initiative between molecular biologists and environmental researchers and regulators

A Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) funded Knowledge Transfer (KT) workshop was held in the United Kingdom (UK) to identify the needs and opportunities in the application of molecular biology and ‘omics’ techniques to environmental monitoring and risk assessment. Attendees highlighted a lack of effective communication between end-users and researchers as well as difficulties with data interpretation as reasons behind the slow uptake of molecular biology and omics techniques. A number of promising areas in which new techniques could be implemented at a practical level in the very near future were identified, thereby raising the profile of these recent technologies and providing vital proof of concept work. Molecular taxonomy, bacterial source tracking and pre-screening of chemicals for potential toxicities were all viewed as areas in which omics and molecular techniques could have immediate value, with the aim of reducing cost, increasing efficiency and providing more comprehensive data of improved quality.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.