以氯化三辛基甲基胺(Capriquat)萃取海水中镉的无火焰原子吸收测定法

本文对以Capriquat溶液萃取海水中的镉,再用高氯酸溶液进行反萃取,无火焰原子吸收法测定反萃取液中镉的方法进行了详尽的讨论。用lvo1％ capriquat的二甲苯溶液可以定量地萃取海水中的镉,再用0.2mo1/1的高氯酸液溶定量也反萃取有机相中的镉,无火焰原子吸收法能测定高氯酸溶液中镉,重现性好。寻找了镉的萃取分离和定量测定的最佳条件,当把这种方法应用到实际海水测定的时候,此法与螯合树脂分离法—无火焰原子吸收法的测定结果非常一致。本文也对Capriquat萃取镉的萃取化学类型作了进一步的讨论。     

醋酸正丁脂萃取——火焰原子吸收光谱法测定海水中痕量的铬

试验以醋酸正丁脂为萃取溶剂,APDC为螯合剂,控制PH为7萃取海水中的痕量铬,用火焰原子吸收光谱测定。获得较高的灵敏度和较好的重现性。对PH值等影响萃取的各种因素及氧化铬(Ⅲ)的条件作了讨论。试用氢氧化铁共沉淀法除去铬(Ⅲ)后单独萃取测定六价铬。     

高温石墨炉原子吸收法测定钼——用N-苯甲酰-N-苯基羟胺萃取预富集

火焰原子吸收法测定钼的灵敏度较差,低含量的钼需用无火焰原子吸收法,目前有关的报导尚不多,已见于文献的有海水、植物、岩石中钼的测定,海水中钼预先用对氨基纤维素富集,但淋洗较费时,需三小时以上,植物样品用灼烧法驱除有机基体,灼烧时间需五小时,本工作报告用N-苯甲酰-N--苯基羟胺的氯仿溶液从酸性溶液中萃取钼,继用氨水反萃取后,用HGA-72型高温石墨炉原子化器测定,经萃取后钛、铁、铜和镍等金属离子均已分离;加入氟离子后,可消除浓     

采用萃取——反萃取技术回收废水中的醋酸

用N235-正辛醇-磺化煤油混合溶剂为萃取剂，用35％氢氧化钠反萃取，对于6．8％的醋酸废水进行萃取试验。试验结果表明：混合溶剂对废水中的醋酸有较高的萃取率，反萃取效果为98．4％。采用萃取-反萃取工艺处理稀醋酸废水，不但有明显的环境效益，而且还可以回收醋酸制备醋酸钠，获得良好的经济效益。     

反萃取比色法测定水中挥发酚

用乙酸乙酯、磷酸三丁酯混合试剂萃取水中酚,氢氧化钠溶液反萃取,再以4—氨基安替比林比色法测定.研究了盐析剂用量、有机试剂混合比和萃取剂用量对萃取效率的影响.按本文选定的条件,可以测定浓度为0.04—1.25ppm 的含酚水样,常见的有机物和金属离子不产生干扰,测定不同水质的平均回收率96.1%,与蒸馏法预处理水样所测结果一致.     

固相萃取-气相色谱质谱联用法同时测定海水中的甲基对硫磷、马拉硫磷和对硫磷

建立了固相萃取-气相色谱质谱联用同时测定海水中的甲基对硫磷、马拉硫磷和对硫磷的方法。采用C18小柱固相萃取富集水样、CH2CI2洗脱,加入菲-d10作为内标,利用GC/MS定性定量同时测定了海水中的甲基对硫磷、马拉硫磷和对硫磷,线性响应良好,干扰小,最低检出限为0.20 ng/L(按采样2 L计算),通过对海水样品的标准添加,平均加标回收率范围在96.0%～122%(n=6),RSD在2.3%～6.8%。表明本方法可以满足海水中甲基对硫磷、马拉硫磷和对硫磷的检测。同时,利用该方法对广西近岸海域7个点位采集海水样品进行检测,检测结果全部为未检出。     

分散液液微萃取气相色谱质谱联用法测定海水中三氯苯

本文建立了分散液液微萃取结合气相色谱质谱联用法测定海水中三氯苯(TCBs)的方法。考察了萃取剂和分散剂的种类、体积、超声萃取时间、萃取温度等对模拟海水加标样品的萃取效率的影响,得到最佳萃取实验条件为:以丙酮为分散剂、氯苯为萃取剂,超声萃取时间为10 min,萃取温度为25℃。样品的加标回收率为97.8%~102.5%,相对标准偏差为2.8%~6.6%。1,3,5-,1,2,4-和1,2,3-TCB的方法检出限分别为1.5 g/L,0.5 g/L和2.0 g/L。该方法与顶空、液液萃取和固相萃取法相比具有检出限低、富集因子高、重现性好、操作简便、干扰小等优点。采用本方法对5个实际海水样品中的TCBs进行了定量检测,结果表明其中两种样品含有2~3种待测物,浓度范围为1.9~6.7 g/L。     

萃取-反萃法综合回收磷矿浮选尾矿中磷和镁

针对某磷矿浮选尾矿的资源特点,将其作为高镁低品位磷矿进行处理,用萃取-反萃法分离酸浸液中的镁和磷。选择正丁醇作为萃取剂,在磷酸浓度为30%、萃取相比为1:1,温度为常温,萃取时间为5min的均衡搅拌条件下,五氧化二磷萃取率可达68%以上;用水作为反萃剂,在其加入量为反萃前有机相体积的30%,反萃时间为3min,常温条件下进行反萃,反萃率可达90%以上。该研究为综合回收磷矿浮选尾矿提供了基础性资料,     

萃取—反萃取导数光谱法测定污水中微量酚和苯胺类

对油矿区污水中酚类和苯胺类同时测定方法和实验条件进行了研究。采用1∶1氯仿 乙醚混合溶剂萃取,再分别用0.1mol/LNaOH和0.1mol/LHCL反萃取污水中微量的酚类和苯胺类。实验结果表明,在pH值为6时萃取水样,氯仿-乙醚对苯酚、苯胺的萃取回收率分别为76.6％及64.7％。测定的线性范围：酚类为0～2.0mg/L,苯胺类为0～3.3mg/L;检出极限：酚类为0.04mg/L,苯胺类为0.02mg/L。本法与国家环保总局推荐方法对照,实验结果无显著性差异。通过萃取—反萃取,不仅浓缩了样品,而且有效地消除了石油类及金属离子的干扰,适用于油矿区污水的测定。     

固相萃取-气相色谱/质谱法同时测定海水中9种硝基苯类化合物

建立了固相萃取-气相色谱/质谱(GC/MS)同时测定海水中9种硝基苯类化合物的分析方法。海水样品经Oa-sisHLB固相萃取小柱萃取富集,正己烷/丙酮洗脱,采用GC/MS进行定性定量,线性响应良好,基体干扰小,方法检出限在0.03～0.10μg/L(按采样1 L水计),添加回收率在72.8%～116%,精密度为1.2%～5.4%,并利用该方法对广西近岸海域6个点位实际海水样品进行了监测。该方法可以同时满足海水中9种硝基苯类化合物的测定。     

青春 责任 梦想 行动 2015年千名青年环境友好使者夏令营侧记

<正>"我们处在世界正在发生重大变革的时代,中国也正在实现着民族伟大复兴的关键时刻。青年人要承担什么责任?""我们应该团结更多的青年人,向全社会积极宣传环保理念,保护我们共同生存的家园。"一名青年使者刚刚回答完贾峰主任的问题,全场响起的是掌声——雷鸣般的掌声!8月17日,2015年"千名青年环境友好使者夏令营"在成都市温江区正式开营。环境保护部宣传教育中心主任贾峰亲临现场,并为青年学子们讲授了热情     

Effect of CaO on retention of S, Cl, Br, As, Mn, V, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, W and Pb in bottom ashes from fluidized-bed coal combustion power station

This work was conducted to evaluate whether Ca-bearing additives used during coal combustion can also help with the retention of some other elements. This work was focused on the evaluation of bottom ashes collected during four full-scale combustion tests at an operating thermal fluidized-bed power station. Bottom ashes were preferred to fly ashes for the study to avoid interference from condensation processes usually occurring in the post-combustion zone. This work focused on the behaviors of S, Cl, Br, As, Mn, V, Cr, Ni, Cu,Zn, W, and Pb. Strong positive correlations with CaO content in bottom ashes were observed（for all four combustion tests） for S, As, Cl and Br（R = 0.917-0.999）. Strong inverse proportionality was calculated between the contents of Pb, Zn, Ni, Cr and Mn and CaO, so these elements showed association to materials other than Ca-bearing compounds（e.g., to aluminosilicates, organic matter, etc.）. Somewhat unclear behaviors were observed for W, Cu, and V. Their correlation coefficients were evaluated as statistically ＂not significant＂, i.e., these elements were not thought to be significantly associated with CaO. It was also discovered that major enrichment of CaO in the finest bottom ash fractions could be advantageously used for simple separation of elements strongly associated with these fractions, mainly S and As, but also Cl or Br. Removal of5% of the finest ash particles brings about a decrease in As concentration down to 77%-80% of its original bulk ash content, which can be conveniently used e.g., when high As content complicates further ash utilization.     

珊瑚钨锡矿硅质尾矿中Cd、As、Zn、F富集迁移及环境污染

硅质尾矿在释放中性矿山废水(NMD)时所伴生的多元素复合污染问题值得重视。本文以桂东北珊瑚矿尾矿作为研究对象,通过分析该尾矿的组构、元素富集及迁移特性,筛选出主要污染元素,并探讨尾矿胶结层对元素富集迁移的影响。结果表明:(1)该尾矿中Cd、As、Zn及F富集程度较高、可交换态含量(易迁移释放量)较大,是主要的污染元素,而Cu、Pb、Tl产生污染的可能性较小;(2)胶结层对重金属具有再富集作用,但其对可交换态Cd、As(Tl)再富集明显,而对可交换态Cu、Pb、Zn再富集则不明显。胶结层中次生伊利石、石膏等胶结物趋向于吸附富集活性可交换态Cd、As。这表明该尾矿可能迁移释放出含Cd、As浓度较高的NMD。研究表明,硅质尾矿风化释出NMD的同时,可能伴生Cd、As、Zn等重金属以及F的复合污染。     

Asbeste Arten,Entstehung, Bedeutung,Problematik

Types of asbestos are distinguished not only by structure, chemical compositon, shape of aggregates, and length and quality of fibers, but also by its formation. Though consisting of quite common elements, deposits are formed only under very special conditions. Its unique combination of properties has created over 3000 fields of application (about 70% in asbestos cement). Great efforts have been made to substitute all types of asbestos by harmless, similarly cheap and versatile synthetic fibers, owing to the unquestioned carcinogenic properties of all asbestos dusts. However, development of such fibers has not made any remarkable progress until recently. Consequently risk to workers in mining and manufactoring, consumers, outsiders, and the environment should be kept as low as possible by intensifying precautions and diminishing emissions.     

The monitoring,Evaluation, reporting,verification, and certification of energy-efficiency projects

In this paper, we present an overview of guidelinesdeveloped for the monitoring, evaluation, reporting,verification, and certification (MERVC) ofenergy-efficiency projects for climate changemitigation. The monitoring and evaluation ofenergy-efficiency projects is needed to determine moreaccurately their impact on greenhouse gas (GHG)emissions and other attributes, and to ensure that theglobal climate is protected and that countryobligations are met. Reporting, verification andcertification will be needed for addressing therequirements of the Kyoto Protocol. While the cost ofmonitoring and evaluation of energy-efficiencyprojects is expected to be about 5–10% of a project'sbudget, the actual cost of monitoring and evaluationwill vary depending on many factors, including thelevel of precision required for measuring energy andGHG reductions, type of project, and amount of fundingavailable.     

微波消解——原子吸收分光光度法测定土壤中的铜锌镍铬锰铅镉

本文阐述了用微波消解——原子吸收分光光度法测定土壤中的铜锌镍铬锰铅镉。通过硝酸-盐酸-氢氟酸-高氯酸体系消解液对土壤样品进行消解,选择出微波消解的最佳消解条件。通过对微波消解体系和传统电热板硝酸-氢氟酸-高氯酸消解体系进行对比实验,前者不仅操作简便快捷赶酸时间短,而且准确度高、精密度好,提高了工作效率,是一种值得推广的土壤消解方法。     

共沉淀-离心-X射线荧光法快速测定表层海水中的Fe,Ni,Mn,Cu,Zn,Pb

基于共沉淀的富集作用,采用自制的离心管离心沉淀,以手持式X-射线荧光仪(XRF)测定,由此建立了表层海水中Fe,Ni,Mn,Cu,Zn,Pb的共沉淀-离心-XRF快速分析方法。测定时间为5 min/样;线性范围125μg/L～1 000μg/L,可以满足近岸表层海水中铁和锰的分析要求;基底加标200μg/L回收率为94.5%～116%;连续7次测定6种金属浓度均为500μg/L的海水加标样品,相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.86%～5.85%。与ICP-MS法比较,测定结果无显著性差异。本方法具有化学试剂污染小、方便快捷、可现场快速测定方法等优点。该方法已成功应用于厦门西港和福建九龙江河口表层海水中可溶态铁锰的现场测定,并在现场以手持式XRF对颗粒物中铁锰进行了测定,获得了该海域颗粒物中和海水中铁锰的分布。     

意大利的金枪鱼、箭鱼、鸬鹚以及家燕等体内的多氯萘、多氯联苯、多氯二苯-p-二恶英、多氯二苯并呋喃以及p,p''''-DDE

我们曾对从意大利收集的金枪鱼、箭鱼、普通鸬鹚以及家燕体内的p,p'-DDE、多氯联苯同类物(PCBs)、多氯二苯-p-二恶英(PCDDs)、多氯二苯并呋喃(PCDFs)以及多氯萘(PCNs)浓度进行过测量.