固相萃取- GC/MS法测定水中有机氯农药

建立了固相萃取-气相色谱／质谱联用测定水中痕量六六六、滴滴涕和环氧七氯的方法。采用C18固相萃取柱富集水样，二氯甲烷／丙酮混合溶剂洗脱，加入菲-d10作为内标，利用气相色谱／质谱联用仪选择离子监测模式检测，内标法定量，定性、定量准确，线性响应良好，干扰小，按采样1 L计算，方法检出限为4．26ng／L～19、2ng／L，RSD在0、4％-6、3％之间，平均加标回收率在77．7％～118％之间，实际样品测定结果表明方法能满足环境水体中痕量有机氯农药的监测要求。     

三重串联四极杆气相质谱联用仪测定饮用水源地水体中的多氯联苯

建立了以液-液萃取、三重串联四极杆气相质谱多反应监测法同时测定饮用水源地水体中18种多氯联苯的方法,给出了测量线性范围,线性关系良好,相关系数大于0.998。水中加标浓度为1.00、5.00、10.0ng/L时,平均加标回收率分别为75.6%～96.0%、90.6%～105%和92.4%～102%,相对标准偏差分别为19.8%～11.8%、4.2%～12.9%和4.3%～9.9%,检出限为0.29～0.57ng/L。结果表明,在测定水体中痕量多氯联苯方面,三重串联四极杆气相质谱相对于气相色谱-电子捕获检测和气相色谱质谱-选择离子检测具有更高的灵敏度和准确度,具有更广泛的应用。     

水体中酚类化合物分析方法的比较研究

通过大量实验,研究建立了水体中9种酚类化合物同时测定的多个监测分析方法,包括液液萃取-气相色谱-氢火焰检测器法、液液萃取-气相色谱-质谱法、液液萃取-衍生化气相色谱-质谱法、固相萃取-液相色谱-紫外检测器法和固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱法。研究表明各个分析方法均具有较高的灵敏度,方法检出限在0.03~2.5 μg/L之间,能满足相关环境工作的需要。经方法适用性和可操作性比较,推荐选择固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱法用于应急水样的快速测定、固相萃取-液相色谱-紫外检测器法用于地表水等清洁水样的测定、液液萃取-气相色谱-氢火焰检测器法用于工业废水等污染水样的测定。     

水中呋喃丹气相色谱-质谱的测定方法研究

建立了气相色谱-质谱联用法测定水中呋喃丹的方法。用二氯甲烷萃取酸性水样中的呋喃丹,浓缩后加入内标苊-d10,采用气-质联用仪中选择离子检测(SIM)模式进行监测,提取目标化合物的特征离子进行定量,该方法灵敏度高,水中呋喃丹的最低检测浓度可达0.05μg/L;准确度好,样品添加回收率在100.5%-111.0%之间;平行5次进行精密度试验,相对标准偏差低于6.21%。结果表明,方法简便、快速、准确、重现性好,适合各种水中呋喃丹的测定。     

小体积液液萃取-GC/MS法测定地表水中有机磷农药

采用小体积液液萃取-气相色谱/质谱联用法测定地表水中有机磷农药,以1.2 mL正己烷为萃取剂,磷酸三苯酯为内标,对8种目标化合物的富集倍数达156～436.方法在1.00 μg/L～20.0 μg/L范围内线性良好,8种有机磷农药的检出限均为0.2 μg/L,实际水样平行测定的RSD为2.1%～9.7%,平均加标回收率...     

固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定地表水中9种性激素

建立了地表水中9种性激素的固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱检测方法。利用HLB固相萃取柱富集水体中痕量性激素,用甲醇洗脱并浓缩,再以1 mmol/L氟化铵-乙腈为流动相,经C_(18)柱分离,采用电喷雾离子源、质谱多反应监测模式,内标法定量,实现了地表水中9种性激素的同时检测。方法检出限为0. 1～1. 8 ng/L,在低、中、高3个加标水平下,性激素的平均回收率为69. 6%～115. 0%,相对标准偏差为3. 2%～17. 7%。该方法灵敏度高,定性准确,操作简单高效,适用于地表水中9种性激素的定性定量分析。     

加压溶剂萃取/气相色谱-质谱法测定土壤中的三嗪类农药

建立了加压溶剂萃取/气相色谱-质谱法,用于测定土壤中的10种三嗪类农药。以正己烷-丙酮(体积比1∶1)为萃取剂,对土壤样品进行加压溶剂萃取。将提取液净化浓缩后,采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪进行检测,根据保留时间和特征离子定性,内标法定量。10种三嗪类农药在0.05～5 mg/L范围内的线性关系良好(相关系数≥0.997),检出限为0.002～0.003 mg/kg。对实际土壤样品进行高、中、低浓度加标,测得的回收率范围为66.7%～102%,相对标准偏差范围为0.79%～5.49%。该方法简便可靠、灵敏度高,适用于土壤中三嗪类农药的测定。     

液液萃取-气相色谱-质谱法同时测定饮用水中的酞酸酯、百菌清和联苯胺

建立了液液萃取-气相色谱-质谱（LLE -GC/MS）同时测定饮用水中的6种酞酸酯类化合物、百菌清和联苯胺的方法。选用3种有机溶剂进行萃取，筛选出回收率高、操作简单的前处理方法，萃取后经气相色谱-质谱分析。方法表明：8种物质线性良好，相关系数为0．9978～0．9995，用二氯甲烷萃取回收率最佳，回收率在90．1％～118％之间，相对标准偏差在0．24％～7．21％之间。     

在线液液萃取-气相色谱-质谱法测定生活饮用水中卤代乙腈

优化建立了在线液液萃取-气相色谱-质谱法测定饮用水中7种卤代乙腈的方法。通过多功能在线进样装置,研究设计了在线液液萃取的技术流程,优化了液液萃取关键参数,并建立了气相色谱-质谱检测方法。该方法对氯乙腈、二氯乙腈、三氯乙腈、溴乙腈、二溴乙腈、溴氯乙腈和碘乙腈等7种卤代乙腈都有较好的检测灵敏度,方法检测限为0.1~0.8 μg/L,纯水中高浓度加标回收率为72.0%~91.4%,精密度为1.8%~3.9%。经技术对比和应用验证,该方法具有高效灵敏、简便快速等特点,样品检测无干扰,自动化程度高,适用于饮用水中卤代乙腈类消毒副产物的检测。     

气相色谱法同时测定水中28种多氯联苯单体

采用液液萃取-浓硫酸磺化净化-气相色谱电子捕获检测器同时测定水中28种多氯联苯单体,必要时利用质谱选择离子监测模式定性,考察了萃取溶剂种类和体积及盐析效应对测定的影响,比较了硫酸磺化和弗罗里硅土柱对萃取液的净化效果。方法在1.00μg/L~47.6μg/L范围内线性良好,当取样体积为200 mL时,方法检出限为0.001μg/L~0.002μg/L,基体加标回收率为95.8%~103%,相对标准偏差≤18.7%。     

A New Mathematical Approach in Environmental and Life Sciences: Gene–Environment Networks and Their Dynamics

An important research area in life sciences is devoted to modeling, prediction, and dynamics of gene-expression patterns. As clearly understood in these days, this enterprise cannot become satisfactory without acknowledging the role of the environment. To a representation of past, present, and most likely future states, we also encounter measurement errors and uncertainties. This paper surveys and improves recent advances in understanding the foundations and interdisciplinary implications of the newly introduced gene–environment networks, and it integrates the important theme of carbon dioxide emission reduction into the networks and dynamics. We also introduce some operational and managerial issues of practical working and decision making, expressed in terms of sliding windows, quadrants (modules) of parametric effects, and navigating (controlling) between such effects and directing them. Given data from DNA microarray experiments and environmental records, we extract nonlinear ordinary differential equations that contain parameters that have to be determined. For this, we employ modern (Chebychevian) approximation and (generalized semi-infinite) optimization. After this is provided, time- discretized dynamical systems are studied. A combinatorial algorithm with polyhedra sequences allows to detect the region of parametric stability. Finally, we analyze the topological landscape of gene–environment networks with its structural (in)stability. By embedding as a module and investigating CO₂ emission control and figuring out game theoretical aspects, we conclude. This pioneering work is theoretically elaborated, practically devoted to health care, medicine, education, living conditions, and environmental protection, and it invites the readers to future research.      

Topsoil and Housedust Metal Concentrations in the Vicinity of a Lead Battery Manufacturing Plant

The aim of the study was to determine the extent of heavy metal pollution in the vicinity of a lead battery manufacturing plant in the Czech Republic, both in the general environment and within homes. Topsoils (0–5 cm) were sampled from 100 sites along 4 transects which crossed the battery factory, the town centre and outlying rural areas. Housedust samples were collected from 15 plant-workers' homes and 15 non plant-workers' homes located at various distances from the factory. Samples were analysed for levels of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb, using ICP-AES. Soil concentrations of Pb, Cd, As and Sb peaked at the perimeter fence of the battery factory with Pb levels of up to 12 650 g g> ^-1. Concentrations of these metals decreased exponentially within 500 m of the plant. Whilst the battery factory does appear to be a source of all the metals with the exception of Zn, emissions do not appear to be transported to any great extent over distances of more than 0.5 km. Topsoil and housedust concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb in the general Mlada Boleslav area do not appear to be significantly different from those recorded in a large scale survey of urban soils in the United Kingdom. A comparison of housedust Pb concentrations in homes of plant workers and non-plant workers suggests that there may be a small input of Pb into the home environment by battery plant employees.     

An Overview of Contaminant-Related Issues Identified by Monitoring in San Francisco Bay

The San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances (RMP) began in 1993 and is sponsored by 74 local, state, and federal agencies and companies through their discharge or Bay use permits. The RMP monitors water, sediment, toxicity, and bivalve bioaccumulation at 25 sites in the Bay that are considered to represent "background" conditions. Several major environmental issues have been identified by the RMP. Polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury were often above water quality guidelines, and often occurred in fish tissues above U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) screening values. Concentrations do not appear to be decreasing, suggesting continuing inputs. Episodes of aquatic toxicity often occurred following runoff events that transport contaminants into the Bay from urbanized and agricultural portions of the watershed. Sediment toxicity occurred throughout the Bay, and has been correlated with concentrations of specific contaminants (chlordanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) at some locations; mixtures of contaminants were probably also important. Since the RMP does not monitor all ecosystem components, assessments of the overall condition of the Bay cannot be made. However, in terms of contamination, the RMP samples suggest that the South Bay, and North Bay sites are moderately contaminated.     

Biomagnification factors (fish to Osprey eggs from Willamette River,Oregon, U.S.A.) for PCDDs,PCDFs, PCBs and OC pesticides

A migratory population of 78 pairs of Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) nesting along the Willamette River in westernOregon was studied in 1993. The study was designed to determinecontaminant concentrations in eggs, contaminant concentrationsin fish species predominant in the Ospreys diet, andBiomagnification Factors (BMFs) of contaminants from fish specieseaten to Osprey eggs. Ten Osprey eggs and 25 composite samplesof fish (3 species) were used to evaluate organochlorine (OC)pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs). Mercury was also analyzed in fish. Geometric meanresidues in Osprey eggs were judged low, e.g., DDE 2.3 g g^-1 wet weight (ww), PCBs 0.69 g g^-1, 2,3,7,8-TCDD 2.3 ng kg^-1, and generally well below known threshold values for adverse effects on productivity, and the population was increasing. Osprey egg residue data presentedby River Mile (RM) are discussed, e.g., higher PCDDs were generally found immediately downstream of paper mills and eggsfrom the Willamette River had significantly elevated PCBs and PCDDs compared to reference eggs collected nearby in the CascadeMountains. Prey remains at nest sites indicated that the Largescale Sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus) and NorthernPikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) accounted for an estimated 90.1% of the biomass in the Osprey diet, and composite samples of these two species were collected from different sampling sites throughout the study area for contaminant analyses. With the large percentage of the fishbiomass in the Osprey diet sampled for contaminants (and fisheaten by Ospreys similar in size to those chemically analyzed),and fish contaminant concentrations weighted by biomass intake, a mean BMF was estimated from fish to Osprey eggs for the largeseries of contaminants. BMFs ranged from no biomagnification(0.42) for 2,3,7,8-TCDF to 174 for OCDD. Our findings for themigratory Osprey were compared to BMFs for the resident HerringGull (Larus argentatus), and differences are discussed. Webelieve a BMF approach provides some basic understanding ofrelationships between contaminant burdens in prey species offish-eating birds and contaminants incorporated into their eggs,and may prove useful in understanding sources of contaminants inmigratory species although additional studies are needed.     

The Draft of the New German Guideline VDI 3782/8 to Model Automobile Exhaust Dispersion

The draft of the German guideline to calculate automobile exhaust dispersion is explained. It contains a two-stage-system: For first quick estimates the guideline contains the simple models MLuS and STREET. In case these models are not applicable or their results shows concentration levels close to the air quality standards, the more complex models PROKAS_V and MISKAM are recommended. PROKAS_V is a Gaussian plume model, MISKAM is a 3-dimensional microscale non hydrostatic flow model for built-up areas with an Eulerian dispersion model. The guideline comprises cases in rural areas without or with few adjacent buildings as well as urban areas with buildings near the roads. The contribution gives information about the models, typical results and some of the problems showing up presently.     

Assessing health consequences in an environmental impact assessment: The case of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol

In this article a comprehensive approach for the evaluation of possible health effects in an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is described, illustrated with the example of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. Unlike many EIAs, we estimated quantitatively the impact of aircraft-related pollution in terms of the number of affected people for aircraft noise annoyance, odour annoyance and hypertension. In addition, an analysis of health registry data on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and a short survey on annoyance and risk perception were carried out. The scope of a health impact assessment depends on the situation, available knowledge and data, concern in the population about the impact and the number of people concerned. It is important to pay attention to the perception of risks and concerns from all parties involved. Moreover, the results demonstrate that far more people outside the area for which standards apply were affected than inside.     

An investigation on biological stability of product water generated by lab-scale and pilot-scale distillation systems

Material Disposal Area G is the primary low-levelradioactive waste disposal site at Los Alamos NationalLaboratory, New Mexico, and is adjacent to Pueblo of SanIldefonso lands. Pueblo residents and Los Alamos scientists areconcerned about radiological doses resulting from uptake of AreaG radionuclides by mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) andRocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus), then consumption ofdeer and elk meat by humans. Tissue samples were collected fromdeer and elk accidentally killed near Area G and were analyzedfor ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, total U, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu,²⁴¹Am, and ¹³⁷Cs. These data were used to estimatehuman doses based on meat consumption of 23 kg y^-1. Humandoses were also modeled using RESRAD, and dose rates to deer andelk were estimated with a screening model. Dose estimates tohumans from tissue consumption were 2.9 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1and 1.6 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1 from deer and elk, respectively,and RESRAD dose estimates were of the same order of magnitude. Estimated dose rates to deer and elk were 2.1 × 10^-4 mGyd^-1 and 4.7 × 10^-4 mGy d^-1, respectively. Allestimated doses were significantly less than established exposurelimits or guidelines.     

Contaminant Profiles of Two Species of Shorebirds Foraging Together at Two Neighboring Sites in South San Francisco Bay, California

The San Francisco Bay estuary isused by over one million shorebirds during springmigration and is home to several hundred thousandduring the winter. Most shorebird use occurs in thesouthern reach of the estuary (South Bay). Thereduced water circulation and discharge fromindustrial sources in the South Bay are responsiblefor the highest levels of some trace elements in theestuary. Wintering shorebirds have been found to havestrong site fidelity to areas as small as a fewkilometers in the South Bay, which may increase theirexposure to contaminants near local point sources. Inaddition, different shorebird species foraging at thesame site have been shown to have differentcontaminant burdens. Thus, our objectives were totest whether contaminant burdens differed by species,or whether contaminant burdens differed in shorebirdscollected at adjacent sites. We examined thecontaminant profiles of two species of shorebirds,long-billed dowitchers (Limnodromus scolopaceus)and western sandpipers (Calidris mauri) thatforage together at two sites, Hayward and Newark,separated by 8 km in the South Bay. We usedmultivariate analysis of variance tests to compare thecomposition of 14 elemental analytes in their livertissues and estimated their molar ratios of Hg and Se. Composite samples were used for contaminant analysesbecause of the small body size of the shorebirds. Seven elemental analytes (Ag, Ba, Be, Cr, Ni, Pb, V)were below detection limits in a majority of thesamples so statistical analyses were precluded. Inthe measurable analytes (As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Mn, Se, Zn),we found no significant intra-site differences ofcontaminant profiles for the two species. We pooledthe samples to examine inter-site differences andfound significant differences in contaminant profilesbetween shorebirds at the neighboring sites (P = 0.03). Shorebirds at Newark had higher (P < 0.05) concentrations of As, Cd, and Se than those at Hayward. Dowitchers at Newark had concentrations of Hg and Se which were highly correlated (P < 0.003) in a mean molar ratio of 1:19, similar tothat reported in other birds. In the larger dowitcherspecies, we also examined exposure to 20organochlorine compounds. Organic analyses showedthat the dowitchers had been exposed to DDE, PCBs,dieldrin and trans-nonachlor, but with no significantdifferences in concentrations between Hayward andNewark (P > 0.05).     

Hydrocarbon Utilization in Yeast Isolates Found to Grow in Association with Petroleum in a Polluted Ultisol of Midwestern Nigeria

The population counts of hydrocarbon-utilising yeasts weremonitored at six sampling stations in the Benin City municipalarea over a four-week period. Although the population countswere relatively constant in each locality, the highest countsoccurred in areas heavily polluted by domestic and industrialeffluents. A total of thirty-five hydrocarbon-degrading yeastswere isolated from soil at the sampling stations usingn-hexadecane as sole carbon source. The isolates were identifiedas belonging to the genera Candida (27 strains), Endomycopsis (4 strains). All the organisms grew on long-chainn-alkane, kerosene, diesel oil and crude oil but failed to growon short-chain n-alkane, aromatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons.Measurement of growth attributes of the isolates usingn-hexadecane, diesel oil and crude oil as substrates showed thatthe Candida species were better utilizers of hydrocarbonsubstrates relative to Endomycopsis and Schizosaccharomyces species.     

土壤和底泥中砷、铬、锰测定的前处理技术

试验了土壤和底泥中砷的前处理技术，其目的是能对土壤、底泥中砷、铬、锰在一次前处理中制备成试液，比色法分析。试验表明，用Ｈ２ＳＯ４－Ｈ３ＰＯ４－Ｈ２Ｏ２进行前处理是可行的。方法简单、挥发酸雾少，用标准参考物质检验证明，分解完全，数据准确，有粒较好一致性。