生物型煤固硫技术

研究出生物型煤的生产工艺流程，对型煤和生物型煤的固流效果进行了对比。成功地试验生产出固硫性能优良的生物型煤，为消除煤能源利用中的硫污染开辟了新途径。     

Biogeochemical sulphur cycle in Haihe River Basin

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Simulation investigations on the marble deterioration by sulphur dioxide

This paper deals with investigations on corrosion of marble SO2. We have simulated oxidation of SO2 by photochemical process in the atmosphere. The experiments indicate that formation of SO3 aerosols is related to the concentration of SO2, the UV light intensity, the time of irradiation and the humidity of the air. The corrosion feature of surfaces of the marble and the depth profiles of sulphur were obtained by SEM (Scanning electron microscope), EDXA (Energy-dispersive X-ray analyzer) and SIMS (Secondary ion mass spectrometer). The results of experiments show the corrosive extent of marble depends on its compositions and microareas of marble, which contain lower silicon content can be easily corroded by SO2.     

青岛地区硫传输通量的估算

利用三维欧拉模式,估算外地源和本地源对青岛地区硫沉降的贡献,同时估算硫的去除,估算的方法是根据当地的风速、风向,模拟计算各种含硫化合物（包括SO₂、硫酸盐及DMS）在青岛地区的各方向上输出或输入青岛地区的量、当地源排放的量以及硫化物的干、湿沉降量。通过估算可以得出,青岛地区硫来源中本地源与外来源相当,硫的去除主要是往外输出,占全部硫来源的80％以上。     

烟煤地下气化过程中硫的转化规律研究

在烟煤炭地下气化模型试验的基础上,研究了气化炉温度、气化工艺等对硫转化的影响;在纯氧气化工艺条件下,煤气中含硫气体的形态和含量主要受温度的影响,产生的H2S浓度在600～700℃达到最大值为7400mg·m-3,SO2在1000℃时达到最大值为270 mg·m-3.在纯氧-水蒸气工艺阶段,煤气中的含硫气体形态主要受煤气中氢气含量的影响,但在纯氧-水蒸气工艺后期,含硫气体量又转变为温度的函数.煤炭地下气化过程中,煤中的硫大部分以含硫气体的形式分布在煤气中;只有小部分硫分布在灰渣、焦油和冷凝水中.     

Electrolyte effects on aqueous atmospheric oxidation of sulphur dioxide by hydrogen peroxide

The rate of oxidation of sulphur dioxide by hydrogen peroxide in the presence of various supporting electrolytes has been determined by the stopped flow method. In a sodium perchlorate medium (chosen as reference electrolyte) first-order kinetics were observed with respect to HSO₃⁻, H₂O₂ and H⁺. The influence of the ionic strength was investigated and the third-order rate constant was calculated at infinite dilution. The rate constants of the reaction are shown to be far higher when chloride or ammonium ions are added to the solution.The effect of temperature and traces of metals ions (Mn²⁺, Fe²⁺, Fe³, Cu²⁺, Cr³⁺) was studied. The oxidation reaction is virtually insensitive to the effects of Mn²⁺, Fe³⁺, Cu²⁺ and Cr³⁺. Catalytic activity is observed with Fe²⁺.     

环境统计中非矿物燃料二氧化硫产生量的测算

在环境统计中，通过对厂家所能提供的原始资料分析，测算出非矿物燃料——蔗渣和木材加工残余用作锅炉燃料所产生的二氧化硫量。     

我国动力用煤煤灰自身固硫特性的统计分析

对１８６种我国典型动力用煤在实验室制灰条件下煤灰自身固硫特性的统计分析表明，含硫量越高的煤，其Ｃａ／Ｓ以及Ｍｇ／Ｓ、２Ｎａ／Ｓ和２Ｋ／Ｓ摩尔比一般越低，因而其煤灰固硫率也越低；钙对煤灰自身固硫起主要作用，固硫率随Ｃａ／Ｓ比的增加呈指数增加；而煤中其它碱性成分对固硫也起一定的作用．     

Dispersion of sulphur dioxide around the thermal power plant at Ahmedabad,India

Air quality due to the release of sulphur dioxide from the thermal power plant within the city limits of Ahmedabad has been computed employing a point, area and line dispersion model. To estimate probable air quality, the meteorological data for 3 consecutive days in the middle of each month of 1983 is used. The concentration of sulphur dioxide is computed at a distance of every 500 m in 16 directions up to the city limit. The air quality in the worst case is estimated in downwind distances under unfavourable meteorological conditions.The probable zones of high concentrations of sulphur dioxide over residential, commercial and industrial areas of the city are below the ambient air quality standards set by the U.S. EPA in 1971 almost throughout the year. However, in the months of April and October the zone of high concentration (500 μg m⁻³) exceeds the EPA standard. Also, under the most unfavourable meteorological conditions, the estimated high ground-level concentration of sulphur dioxide can reach up to 1000 μg m⁻³ at a distance of 1.25 km from the thermal power plant. This may be attributed to the effect of fumigation.     

Factors influencing the atmospheric flux of reduced sulphur compounds from North Sea inter-tidal areas

Measurements of the fluxes of reduced sulphur compounds to the atmosphere, from three types of inter-tidal site, representing saltmarsh creek, saltmarsh pan and saltmarsh vegetated surface, have been made using an enclosure method. The major S gases released were DMS, H₂S and COS. Their fluxes showed a strong seasonal variation with a summer maximum apparently related to elevated sediment temperature. Laboratory experiments revealed no influence of illumination upon the fluxes. In summer, a net export of DMS in estuarine water exiting from the marsh was demonstrated but there was no export during winter. The average fluxes of gases from sediments to the atmosphere in summer from these three sites were all of similar magnitude, although less than those reported from the North Sea water column. When the area of inter-tidal sediments was taken into account it was concluded that inter-tidal areas did not make a significant direct contribution to the regional atmospheric sulphur budget.     

Scavenging ratios and deposition of sulphur,nitrogen and chlorine species in eastern England

Measurements of wet deposited NH₄⁺, SO₄²⁻, NO₃⁻ and Cl⁻, as well as airborne concentrations of these species and gaseous HNO₃, HCl and NH₃, have been made at a site in eastern England. Scavenging ratios based solely upon aerosol-associated species and upon aerosol plus gaseous airborne species are presented and compared with literature values. It appears that HCl and HNO₃ have only a rather minor influence upon wet deposition at our site. Gaseous NH₃ influences ground-level air chemistry appreciably, but scavenging ratios for NH₄⁺ are low, even when based upon aerosol NH₄⁺ concentrations alone, presumably due to altitudinal gradients in this species. The problems inherent in interpretation of scavenging ratios are discussed. Deposition of nitrogen in various chemical forms is estimated from rainwater and air composition. If a transport-limited deposition velocity is assumed for ammonia gas, dry deposition of this species accounts for around 40% of total nitrogen deposition to the ground.     

Comparison of measurements and model results for airborne sulphur and nitrogen components with Kriging

Comparisons have been made between calculations from the Lagrangian model for acid deposition at Meteorological Synthesizing Centre-West (MSC-W) of EMEP and measurements at EMEP sites. Annual averages of aerosol sulphate, sulphate in precipitation and nitrate in precipitation were calculated and compared for selected sites. Site selection was based on data completeness and on results from EMEP interlaboratory exercises. The comparison for sulphates in precipitation and air led to a model underestimation in the north and model overestimation in a belt through the major source regions in central Europe. The comparisons also indicate irregularities at some sites which may be due to influence from local sources, or the data quality, although this is not substantiated. The model estimates of nitrate in precipitation compare well with the measurements, although some characteristics differences occur also for this component.     

Atmospheric sulphur deposition to forest stands: Throughfall estimates compared to estimates from inference

Wet and dry deposition of sulphur was estimated for 30 forest stands in the Netherlands using a throughfall method and an inferential method. Dry deposition estimates of the throughfall method were significantly higher compared to estimates from inference. The major sources of uncertainty of the throughfall dry deposition estimates were associated with non-representative throughfall sampling, wet deposition estimates, canopy exchange processes, deposition of neutral salts, dry deposition directly onto the throughfall collectors, and with the omission of stemflow fluxes and dry deposition directly to the undergrowth vegetation and forest floor. These uncertainties were found to act both ways to approximately the same extent and were not able to explain the observed gap between the two dry deposition estimates. For the inferential method, major sources of uncertainty in the dry deposition estimates arose in calculation of the dry deposition velocity of SO₂ and the omission of occult deposition of SO₄²⁻. In this study, uncertainties associated with the spatial averaging of air concentrations of SO₂ and SO₄ aerosol and the calculation of the deposition velocity of SO₄ aerosol were found to be relatively small. Modifying the R_c parametrization of SO₂, based on recent dry deposition measurements made over heather in the Netherlands, resulted in fairly good agreement between both dry deposition estimates. Occult deposition of SO₄²⁻ was found to contribute significantly to the total sulphur deposition to the forest stands. Both the modified R_c parametrization and the incorporation of occult deposition led to systematically higher sulphur deposition estimates by the inferential method compared to originally inferred deposition. This implies that in the Netherlands, sulphur deposition to forest ecosystems might have been underestimated heretofore.     

The long-term concentration of sulphur dioxide at Taj Mahal due to the Mathura Refinery

There was controversy regarding the impact of the Mathura Refinery on the Taj Mahal. Mathura is about 40 km from Agra, where one of the major tourist attractions in India, the Taj Mahal, is located. It is a topic of vital concern that the question whether the quantity of sulphur dioxide released from refinery stacks, either individually or collectively with the amount released from the local sources, would damage the Taj Mahal.To provide answers to such questions preliminary estimates of long-term concentrations, during premonsoon, winter, monsoon and post-monsoon, were computed at distances of 40 km from the refinery. Comparative studies have been made with different concentration formulae.The long-term concentrations in either season, individually or collectively with the local sources, do not appear to exceed the standards proposed by The Indian Standards Institution.     

Methane oxidation and attenuation of sulphur compounds in landfill top cover systems: Lab-scale tests

In this study,a top cover system is investigated as a control for emissions during the aftercare of new landfills and for old landfills where biogas energy production might not be profitable.Different materials were studied as landfill cover system in lab-scale columns:mechanical–biological pretreated municipal solid waste(MBP);mechanical–biological pretreated biowaste(PB);fine(PBS_f)and coarse(PBS_c)mechanical–biological pretreated mixtures of biowaste and sewage sludge,and natural soil(NS).The effectiveness of these materials in removing methane and sulphur compounds from a gas stream was tested,even coupled with activated carbon membranes.Concentrations of CO_2,CH_4,O_2,N_2,H_2S and mercaptans were analysed at different depths along the columns.Methane degradation was assessed using mass balance and the results were expressed in terms of methane oxidation rate(MOR).The highest maximum and mean MOR were observed for MBP(17.2 g CH_4/m~2/hr and 10.3 g CH_4/m~2/hr,respectively).Similar values were obtained with PB and PBS_c.The lowest values of MOR were obtained for NS(6.7 g CH_4/m~2/hr)and PBS_f(3.6 g CH_4/m~2/hr),which may be due to their low organic content and void index,respectively.Activated membranes with high load capacity did not seem to have an influence on the methane oxidation process:MBP coupled with 220 g/m~2and 360 g/m~2membranes gave maximum MOR of 16.5 g CH_4/m~2/hr and 17.4 g CH_4/m~2/hr,respectively.Activated carbon membranes proved to be very effective on H_2S adsorption.Furthermore,carbonyl sulphide,ethyl mercaptan and isopropyl mercaptan seemed to be easily absorbed by the filling materials.     

大气沉降向林地(小叶栎)输入硫素通量的观测

利用中国科学院红壤生态试验站森林小气候观测站(江西鹰潭)逐时气象梯度参数连续自动观测数据,采用阻力模式计算SO₂、硫酸盐(SO₄^2-)粒子的干沉降速率(Vd),结合大气SO₂、SO₄^2-粒子浓度现场测定,研究了该地2年大气硫沉降量.结果表明,2000年大气SO₂和SO₄^2-粒子时年Vd值分别为0.748cm/s、0.665cm/s;2002年分别为0.180cm/s、0.221cm/s.2000和2002年大气干沉降硫(SO₂+SO₄^2-粒子)通量分别为104.6kgS/(hm2a)和140.6kgS/(hm2a),SO2干沉降是大气干沉降主要贡献者,占98.38%和97.2%;大气沉降硫总量分别为150kgS/(hm2a)和185kgS/(hm2a);可见大气干沉降是大气硫沉降主要贡献者,分别占70%和76.2%.     

The removal of sulphur dioxide in a long-lived line echo system: A numerical study

The removal of SO₂ in precipitation systems is not only a major sink of SO₂ but is also directly related to the acidity of precipitation. However the physical and chemical processes are not well understood due to their complicated characteristics. The lack of measurements also hinders us from studying those processes. In order to investigate what mechanisms are important about the removal of SO₂ in precipitation systems, an alternative approach is to examine the simulation result from a numerical cloud model.A two-dimensional version of the Klemp-Wilhelmson numerical model (1978, J. atmos. Sci.35, 1070–1096) is used to simulate a fast-moving long-lived line echo precipitation system that occurred in the Taiwan area during Mei-Yu season. The simulation model was assumed to be perpendicular to the north-south orientated line echo. In this simulation an artificial source of SO₂ is placed in front of the line echo system in the low level. As the line echo system approaches the region of SO₂, some SO₂ is brought into the line echo system through advection and diffusion effects. A simple parameterization scheme similar to Fisher's (1982, Atmospheric Environment16, 775–783) is used to represent the removal of SO₂ by cloud and rain. The model results show that the major sink of SO₂ is removed by rain below the cloud base although some is removed by cloud and rain inside the precipitation system itself.     

硫磺和放线菌强化植物修复土壤镉污染

为了强化耐受重金属镉（Cd）的植物包心芥菜对土壤中Cd污染的富集及转运效率,以包心芥菜为研究对象,向土壤中添加0.3%的硫磺和接种不同数量的放线菌Act12（0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0g/kg）,通过盆栽实验,研究不同处理间根际土pH值的变化规律、包心芥菜地上和地下部分Cd的积累量、植物抗氧化酶系的变化以及根系活力.结果表明：添加0.3%硫磺和2.0g/kg放线菌Act12后,根际土pH值下降最大,相比对照下降了14.5%.而添加0.3%硫磺和1.5g/kg的放线菌Act12,包心芥菜地上部分Cd的含量最高,转运系数最大,相比对照,Cd含量提高了79%,并且植物地上部分的干重最大.添加放线菌Act12对植物的抗氧化系统有积极作用,CAT、POD、SOD含量均在0.3%硫磺和1.0g/kg放线菌Act12的添加组合下达到峰值,放线菌Act12还可提高植物的根系活力,降低丙二醛的含量.综上表明,添加硫磺和放线菌Act12均可强化包心芥菜吸收土壤中Cd的能力,其中0.3%硫磺和1.5g/kg放线菌Act12的添加组合强化效果最佳.