深圳市南山区城市生态环境

论述了深圳市南山区城市生态环境的基本特征及存在的主要问题，并在此基础上选取水体、大气、噪声、酸雨、绿地覆盖率、人口密度等作为生态因子，运用因子分析法，对该区城市生态环境质量进行了综合分析，结果表明，南山区城市综合生态环境质量有下降趋势。同时，还提出了改善该区城市生态环境的一些措施。     

海南岛生态环境质量分析评价

运用遥感和地理信息系统等技术，按照景观生态学的原理，对海南生态环境现状进行了评价，并对近十年来的变化进行了对比分析。结果表明，海南生态环境质量由中部向外依次降低，天然林从数量上看面积在减少，从空间上看沿着边缘线向中部山区退缩。另外，土地沙化／土地退化在向着恢复逆转的方向发展。     

基于张家界市环境质量变化的生态环境建设对策

本文通过对“九五”期间张家界市的生态环境质量进行回顾性分析评价,在掌握其区域自然特征和生态环境现状的基础上,运用环境科学的基本理论分析了张家界市环境质量变化原因和趋势,指出了张家界市存在的主要生态环境问题,并提出了若干对策来引导张家界市的生态环境建设,以实现其建设生态城市的宏伟目标.     

城市生态环境质量分区方法学研究

城市生态环境质量是影响城市景观和居民身心健康的最重要的因素之一，环境质量分区是进行城市生态环境评价的基础性工作，是进行城市环境规划的重要依据之一。本文从环境质量分区的概念阐述入手，在分析传统分区方法的同时，提出城市环境质量分区的遥感技术法，证明遥感技术应用于城市环境质量分区，具有精度高，快速和省力的特点。     

《绿色食品产地环境质量现状评价纲要（试行）》刍议

绿色食品产地生态环境质量评价中优化监测方案和评价标准与方法的合理确定尤为重要。现行的《评价纲要》中监测布点偏多、所选取的某些评价标准与方法欠佳，需加以修订和改进，以提高我国绿色食品产地生态环境质量评价的科学性与实用性。     

Fuzzy综合多级评价模型在城市生态环境质量评价中的应用

本文在复合生态系统理论的基础上，建立了完整的城市生态环境质量评价指标体系及比较合理的权重体系和评价标准体系，最后运用Ｆｕｚｚｙ多级综合评价方法建立了城市生态环境质量评价模型。     

常州市住宅小区生态环境质量评价初探

建立了以大气环境质量、物理环境质量、建筑环境质量及生态环境质量4个评价指标和13个评价因子为主的住宅小区生态环境质量评价体系,通过对常州市6个典型住宅小区的监测评价,了解了目前常州市住宅小区生态环境质量状况,揭示了影响居民住宅小区生态环境质量的主要因素,并相应地提出了建议。     

县域农田生态环境质量监测数据库的设计与建立

农田生态环境质量监测数据库是农田数据管理和环境质量监测的新方式。文章以绿色食品生产基地的建设为目标，通过监测单元的划分、数据采集和处理的规范化、数据编码、数据表的创建、数据录入、查询和应用分析等关键环节，对建立县域田块尺度生态环境质量数据库的方法和体系作了探讨。     

区域开发中的生态补偿量化分析--以珠江温泉城为例

区域开发建设会对生态环境造成一定程度的破坏。利用一些简单适用的模型或参数,对珠江温泉城开发中的主要生态因子进行了量化研究,结果表明珠江温泉城水土流失增加、绿量减少、林地的景观优势度降低。依据开发前后的变化结果,确定了补偿其开发应该采取的具体对策。     

《绿色食品产地环境质量现状评价纲要（试行）》刍议

绿色食品产地生态环境质量评价中优化监测方案和评价标准与方法的合理确定尤为重要。现行的《评价纲要》中监测布点偏多、所选取的某些评价标准与方法欠佳，需加以修订和改进，以提高我国绿色食品产地生态环境质量评价的科学性与实用性。     

茂名小良桉树人工林生态经济效益分析与评价

利用模糊数学的方法,通过对小良的实地调杳和专家走访,挑选了30个对小良桉林生态经济影响较大的因子.建立了评价因子指标体系和五个评价等级,采用二个层次的综合评价模型对小良桉林生态经济效益首次进行了定量的综合评价.评价结果是:现在小良桉林生态经济效益为一般.总体态势是:16%为好,26%为较好,31%为一般.23%为较差,4%为差.综合评价得分为79.85分,介于一般和良好之间,这说明在小良桉树人工林的发展过程中存在许多显性的、潜在的问题,如果还不注意合理利用林地资源,就会使森林资源变为不可更新资源,不可持续利用.因此,科学客观地分析与评价小良桉林产业生态经济效益,为区域可持续发展提供科学依据和发展良策,实现生态和经济的综合调控具有现实意义.     

Assessment and management of urbanization-induced ecological risks

The urban ecological risk incurred during the processes of urbanization has been constantly accumulating, creating a severe challenge for China to achieve sustainable urban development. At present, research on systematic evaluation of urban ecological risks is still inadequate, especially at an urban ecosystem level. In this special issue, we use Xiamen City as an example to identify the sources and receptors of urban ecological risks, to develop a methodology system of urban ecological risk assessment, and to propose a method for the management of urban ecological risks. This special issue contains 11 research articles resulting from a comprehensive research project funded by China’s National Natural Science Foundation. The innovations reported in this special issue include a framework of urban ecological risk assessment and a standardized procedure for carrying out urban ecological risk assessment using multiple stressors and endpoints.     

运用聚类分析划分农业生态类型区

科学地划分农业生态类型区对于分类指导农业生产、合理利用农业资源具有重大的现实意义。本文通过相关分析,选择了包括自然本底、经济条件、生态环境和生态经济效益在内的26个指标,采用聚类分析的方法,把全省划分为四个生态类型区,即山区林地生态区(Ⅰ)、盆地丘陵生态区(Ⅱ)、水网平原生态区(Ⅲ)和沿海岛屿生态区(Ⅳ)。在分区的基础上,分别对各生态类型区进行了综合评述。     

Development and application of a comprehensive ecological risk assessment indicator system in Xiamen,China

Urban ecological risk is one of the important factors that may restrict the social and economic development. Therefore, it is of great significance to carry out a comprehensive assessment of ecological risks so that an ecological risk prevention and control plan can be scientifically formulated. In this paper, a comprehensive ecological risk assessment indicator system of Xiamen was established based on local ecological properties and socioeconomic status. This indicator system covers seven indicators including air pollution, soil pollution, water pollution, fresh water consumption, change in land use, occupation of key zones with ecological functions, and road network expansion. Based on this indicator system and in conjunction with the single factor assessment of ecological risks, this study constructed a model of comprehensive ecological risk assessment and forecasted the comprehensive ecological risk of Xiamen in 2020. The results showed that the comprehensive ecological risk level of Xiamen in 2020 is medium and the main stressors are the discharge of air and water pollutants. From the perspective of risk receptors, i.e. the ecosystem services, the risk posed to the ecosystem services associated to the maintenance of air quality and water purification is the highest. Therefore, this study proposed the recommendations on ecological risk prevention and regulation in Xiamen based on the comprehensive assessment of ecological risks, in the hope to provide scientific support for local ecological protection and sustainable development.     

Ecological mechanisms linking protected areas to surrounding lands.

Land use is expanding and intensifying in the unprotected lands surrounding many of the world's protected areas. The influence of this land use change on ecological processes is poorly understood. The goal of this paper is to draw on ecological theory to provide a synthetic framework for understanding how land use change around protected areas may alter ecological processes and biodiversity within protected areas and to provide a basis for identifying scientifically based management alternatives. We first present a conceptual model of protected areas embedded within larger ecosystems that often include surrounding human land use. Drawing on case studies in this Invited Feature, we then explore a comprehensive set of ecological mechanisms by which land use on surrounding lands may influence ecological processes and biodiversity within reserves. These mechanisms involve changes in ecosystem size, with implications for minimum dynamic area, species-area effect, and trophic structure; altered flows of materials and disturbances into and out of reserves; effects on crucial habitats for seasonal and migration movements and population source/sink dynamics; and exposure to humans through hunting, poaching, exotics species, and disease. These ecological mechanisms provide a basis for assessing the vulnerability of protected areas to land use. They also suggest criteria for designing regional management to sustain protected areas in the context of surrounding human land use. These design criteria include maximizing the area of functional habitats, identifying and maintaining ecological process zones, maintaining key migration and source habitats, and managing human proximity and edge effects.     

生态农业系统综合效益评价研究动态与展望

总结了国内外生态农业发展和生态农业系统生态经济评价体系及评价的方法，阐述了生态农业综合效益评价的特点及国内外研究的最新动态。提出土壤健康在农业持续发展评价中的重要性。最后指出了生态-经济系统整合模型在建立生态农业最优化模式中的应用前景。     

Multicriteria analysis applied to the sustainable agriculture problem

SUMMARY

The aim of this paper is to present an operational approach to compare the relative sustainability of existing farming systems. Sustainability rests on the assumption that an equilibrium must exist among three domains: social, economic and ecological. If we are to look for a solution to the problem, we must face a multi-dimensional approach. We propose that multicriteria analysis, a multi-dimensional method, is an appropriate methodology to study the issue. As sustainability cannot be measured directly, the way out is to use indicators. We have performed a thorough analysis of four farming systems existing in Guaíra, SP, Brazil to validate the methodology. Thirty indicators of sustainability (ten ecological, ten social, and ten economic) were defined and used to perform the analysis. The results of the multicriteria analysis proved useful because of its capability of reducing the dimensionality of the problem. From the three dimensions of sustainability, a final score was derived that can easily compare the relative sustainability of each farming system.     

Temporal and spatial assessment of natural resource use in China using ecological footprint method

China has about 20% of the world's population. With rapid economic development and substantial population increase, China is now faced with severe conflicts between limited natural resources and increasing resource requirements. In this study, we used the ecological footprint method to assess the resource demand and supply conditions of each land use in China between 1978 and 2003. In order to provide insight into the spatial heterogeneity of resource demand and supply conditions, we also assessed the ecological footprint at provincial level in 2002. An ecological footprint curve method was introduced to compare differences in natural resource use, economic development and technological progress among different countries and provinces. The results showed that the ecological footprint, biocapacity and ecological deficit per capita for China have all been increasing during 1978–2003. The ecological footprints per person in northern and eastern China were larger than those in southern and western China. The ecological deficits per person in southern and eastern China were more severe than those in northern and western China. Though the resource use efficiency has increased considerably during 1978–2003, it was still much lower than those of the Netherlands, France, South Korea, Mexico, the Philippines and India.     

Scaling up of biomass simulation for Eucalyptus plantations based on landsenses ecology

ABSTRACT

Sustainable forest management on a regional scale requires accurate biomass estimation. At present, technologically comprehensive forecasting estimates are generated using process-based ecological models. However, isolation of the ecological factors that cause uncertainty in model behavior is difficult. To solve this problem, this study aimed to construct a meliorization model evaluation framework to explain uncertainty in model behavior with respect to both the mechanisms and algorithms involved in ecological forecasting based on the principle of landsenses ecology. We introduce a complicated ecological driving mechanism to the process-based ecological model using analytical software and algorithms. Subsequently, as a case study, we apply the meliorization model evaluation framework to detect Eucalyptus biomass forest patches at a regional scale (196,158 ha) using the 3PG2 (Physiological Principles in Predicting Growth) model. Our results show that this technique improves the accuracy of ecological simulation for ecological forecasting and prevents new uncertainties from being produced by adding a new driving mechanism to the original model structure. This result was supported by our Eucalyptus biomass simulation using the 3PG2 model, in which ecological factors caused 21.83% and 9.05% uncertainty in model behavior temporal and spatial forecasting, respectively. In conclusion, the systematic meliorization model evaluation framework reported here provides a new method that could be applied to research requiring comprehensive ecological forecasting. Sustainable forest management on regional scales contributes to accurate forest biomass simulation through the principle of landsenses ecology, in which mix-marching data and a meliorization model are combined.     

土壤有机质对宁夏农业综合开发活动的响应

为深入分析宁夏农业综合开发活动对土壤有机质的影响,认识其对气候变化的适应意义,分别于北部平原灌区、中部干旱带和南部黄土丘陵区的3个农发项目典型示范点,选取典型用地、玉米地、未利用地3种土地利用类型,分析表层10～20 cm土壤有机质的变化规律。研究发现,生态区和土地利用类型是影响土壤有机质的重要因素,并存在极显著的交互作用。研究区土壤有机质在4.53～14.70 g·kg-1范围内变化,典型用地有显著改善,平均质量分数达10.40 g·kg-1。限定生态区条件下,北部平原灌区无论水稻还是玉米利用方式下,土壤有机质含量相对未利用地都出现显著提升,但是南部黄土丘陵区3种土地利用类型间并无显著差异,中部干旱带只有甘草地土壤有机质含量显著提升,幅度高达145%。限定土地利用类型条件下,3个生态区间典型用地土壤有机质出现显著差异,但是北部平原灌区和南部黄土丘陵区间未利用地以及玉米地表层土壤有机质差异并不显著。研究区农业综合开发活动对土壤有机质储存的作用以正效应为主,但是不同农业土地利用类型在不同生态区对土壤有机质的作用不尽相同。宁夏农业综合开发活动需要综合考虑生态区水土资源特征,选取适宜的农业土地利用类型,有效提升土壤有机质含量,积极应对气候变化。