资源可持续利用:一种资源利用伦理原则

论文阐释了资源利用伦理的概念,从历史实践、现实需求和社会基本伦理意识等方面说明资源可持续利用伦理原则的合理性,用博弈论方法重点讨论了资源可持续利用伦理原则在资源利用中克服“囚徒困境”的作用,伦理失灵的原因和伦理法律化的必要性。     

废旧塑料综合利用技术的应用

废旧塑料的回收利用是环境污染控制所面临的一个重要课题,近年来,人们在这方面进行了大量的研究工作,取得了很多成果.详细叙述了国内外废旧塑料回收处理的方法,分析了我国在废旧塑料回收利用方面的现状及存在的问题,并对如何进一步开展废旧塑料回收利用工作提出了一系列切实可行的建议.     

Construction utilization of foamed waste glass

Foamed waste glass (FWG) material is newly developed for the purpose to utilize the waste glassware and other waste glass. FWG has a multi-porous structure that consists of continuous or discontinuous voids. Hence lightweight but considerable stiffness can be achieved. In the present study, the manufacture and engineering properties of FWG are introduced first. Then, the utilizations of FWG are investigated in laboratory tests and field tests. Some case studies on design and construction work are also reported here. Through these studies we know that the discontinuous void material can be utilized as a lightweight fill material, ground improvement material and lightweight aggregate for concrete. On the other hand, the continuous void material can be used as water holding material for the areenina of around slope and rooftop, and as clarification material for water.     

矿山土复垦利用试验

利用分层随机取样法取得开滦矿区范矿南矸石回填复土区不同复土方式、不同复土年份、不同土地利用形式及不同深度的矿山土样品,对矿山土的养分状况、酸性污染与重金属污染规律进行了研究．结果表明,矸石回填复土区完全可以种植白菜、白薯、大豆、葡萄、紫穗槐等植物;此类矿山土的酸性污染可以通过条带式复土、全面复土方式得到有效地控制,而穴植法效果不佳,养分状况可通过种植紫穗槐或牧草得到改善;重金属元素含量没有超标,但试验点的矿山土培肥及表土受空气与粉尘污染造成表土的重金属元素含量高于30cm处土壤．     

Possibilities of solar energy utilization

Geographic and economic aspects of solar energy are linked with the various physical and chemical methods of solar energy conversion to heat, electricity, and endothermal chemical reactions. Principles of the conversion methods are summarized and the efficiencies of various methods reviewed briefly. Methods of concentrating the solar energy are described.     

生活垃圾资源化有效利用性分析

本文对生活垃圾资源化处理进行分析,垃圾中重金属的存在直接影响其有效利用,不断强化人们的环保意识,将分拣垃圾落实到实际行动中,生活垃圾能够变废为宝。     

硅微粉的循环利用

硅微粉是在矿热电炉内生产含硅量在75％以上的硅铁合金和工业硅时，产生大量挥发性很强的SiO2和Si气体与空气迅速氧化并冷凝而成的。硅微粉由于具有优良的理化性能，广泛用于建筑、冶金、化工等行业。介绍了硅微粉的循环利用现状，探讨了存在的问题，展望了硅微粉循环利用的前景。     

建筑垃圾的再生利用研究

分析了我国建筑垃圾的现状及存在的问题，介绍了一些开发利用建筑垃圾方面的成功经验，提出了解决问题的方法和途径。     

同江市生物质能源利用现状探讨

生物质能源具有可再生、低污染的优点,对于发展循环经济具有不可替代的作用。同江市生物质资源种类多、储量大,为发展生物质循环经济产业带来了便利条件。探讨了秸秆的燃烧、发酵生产乙醇和综合利用,以及玉米芯生产糠醛、米糠生产米糠油、禽畜粪便生产沼气等生物质利用方式。为同江市发展循环经济,提高资源利用率,减轻资源和环境压力提供了参考。     

废旧塑料的综合利用

近年来 ,治理“白色污染”、消灭“白色公害”已成为全球的共识 ,从废旧塑料的最终处置、直接再生利用、改性再生利用、热分解以及与其他材料复合等几个方面综述了废旧塑料的综合利用途径 ,其中废旧塑料和其他材料复合的再生利用技术有很好的发展前途 ,将成为今后研究的新热点     

面向碳中和的中国低碳国土开发利用

基于IPAT和IBIS模型在预测人为碳排放和陆地生态系统碳汇的基础上,探讨了中国2060年实现碳中和的可行性以及不同土地利用方式承载的碳汇分布。2060年我国人为碳排放预计为0.86 Pg C yr ^-1;IPCC报告中RCP 2.6和RCP 6.0情景的陆地生态系统分别中和33%和38%的人为碳排放。2060年林地、草地、耕地是陆地生态系统碳汇主要贡献者,占93%;与2030年比,在RCP 2.6情景下林地和草地的碳汇贡献分别下降10%和8%,而耕地上升18%;RCP 6.0情景下林地和草地的贡献分别下降7%和2%,而耕地上升4%。但若按2051—2060年间两种情景下的最高年份（2055年）的碳汇计,则分别可以中和65%、82%的人为碳排放。据此,提出为实现2060年碳中和,应以碳承载力为基础,聚焦区域国土空间规划和建设用地开发规模,对土地利用转变进行严格管控,探索制订土地利用碳排放标准。     

农业生态系统中杂草资源的可持续利用

杂草是农业生态系统中对农作物的生长和产量产生重要影响的伴生植物。杂草具有耐不良环境、生长快、繁殖力强等优良特性,是重要的生物资源。可利用杂草的优良基因作为农作物遗传改良的基因供体,利用其有用成分开发中医药,利用植物他感效应进行害虫生物防治,可开发成观赏植物,可作为先锋物种进行生态恢复、改良环境、促进养分循环、保护土壤微生物等。杂草的化学防除是导致杂草资源丧失的重要因素,寻找既利于杂草资源保护又不影响农作物生长的防除途径、杂草资源数据库的创建、杂草资源有益基因的发掘和开发利用,是杂草科学今后应加强的研究方向。     

Sedimentation retention basin utilization for best management practice

Approaches to the artificial impoundment and theoretical design of sedimentation retention basin are reviewed with particular attention to best management practice(BMP) to control agriculture and surface runoff. Sediments retention basins are the small version of farm pond usedwhere a criteria of farm pond is not met. Such basin traps the pollutants and suspended solids prior to entry into streams and lakes. The study is focused with special reference to the assessment and control of non-point source pollution(NPSP) from the sub-basin area of Tai Lake in the Xishan County of Wuxi City of China, The author suggested two different approaches to conduct this study including theoretical design for sedimentation retention basin and computation of flow, sediment transport and deposition during the artificial impoundment of retention basin for BMP‘s utilization. Theoretical design will provide a useful function as a first line defense against the movement of sediments and transport of pollutants into the Tai Lake while the assessment of sediments deposition will help to make its proper use and periodic cleanup.     

芒荻类植物资源的开发和利用

研究发现,特产于我国东部的南荻TriarrhenalutarioriparaL.Liusp.nov.新种,植株高大,每年秆生长高度达5～7m,年产22.5～30t/hm²干荻秆;秆的纤维细胞含量50%左右(43%～65%),纤维细胞长度平均为3mm,最长可达6.8mm,是制造上等纸张的优质草类原料。芒荻类属于高光效碳四(C⁴)植物,是有价值的环保植物,在生长过程中,它比一般植物能更多地吸收CO²和放出O²,对平衡大气中的CO²/O²十分有利,并能降低温室效应。研究证明,南荻对环境适应演化的独特机制,能将大面积河湖荒滩湿地改变成为创造经济生态环保效益的生产基地。     

The influence of obstetricians on the utilization of amniocentesis

A study of 173 Western New York State obstetricians was undertaken to study referral patterns for second-trimester amniocentesis in 1974–1978. Referral patterns were analysed in relation to obstetrician age, religion, board certification, hospital affiliation and practice location. Forty-seven per cent of the obstetricians had never referred a patient for amniocentesis. Those referring were overall younger than those not referring and were significantly more often board certified. Obstetrician religion was significantly related to referral with fewer Catholic obstetricians referring. Hospital affiliation (teaching versus non-teaching) and obstetrician practice location (urban versus rural) were not important factors after controlling for religion and board certification. Obstetrician factors account for a small but important part of the variability in referral, and other factors, such as cost and access to laboratory and obstetric care need further investigation.     

水资源持续利用的支持条件与法则

可持续发展作为当今世界社会发展的一种新模式已被广泛接受。水资源持续利用是可持续发展的重要内容。文中在可持续发展框架下,提出了水资源持续利用应服从的支持条件和基本法则,包括若干自然、社会经济和生态环境的支持条件和法则。这些条件和法则从不同侧面提示了实现水资源持续利用的基本规律,为水资源持续利用的实践提供了理论依据与方法。     

废聚乙烯的综合利用

废聚乙烯的回收利用是近年来环境污染控制的一个重要课题。作为废旧塑料的主要组成成份的废聚乙烯，人们已对其回收利用展开了大量的研究，并取得了很大的进步。从三大方面讨论了废聚乙烯的综合利用问题，同时，讨论了很多最新技术，并对每一方法的优缺点作出分析，对其应用前景作出了预测。     

Biomass-based carbon capture and utilization in kraft pulp mills

Corporate image, European Emission Trading System and Environmental Regulations, encourage pulp industry to reduce carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions. Kraft pulp mills produce CO₂ mainly in combustion processes. The largest sources are the recovery boiler, the biomass boiler, and the lime kiln. Due to utilizing mostly biomass-based fuels, the CO₂ is largely biogenic. Capture and storage of CO₂ (CCS) could offer pulp and paper industry the possibility to act as site for negative CO₂ emissions. In addition, captured biogenic CO₂ can be used as a raw material for bioproducts. Possibilities for CO₂ utilization include tall oil manufacturing, lignin extraction, and production of precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC), depending on local conditions and mill-specific details. In this study, total biomass-based CO₂ capture and storage potential (BECCS) and potential to implement capture and utilization of biomass-based CO₂ (BECCU) in kraft pulp mills were estimated by analyzing the impacts of the processes on the operation of two modern reference mills, a Nordic softwood kraft pulp mill with integrated paper production and a Southern eucalyptus kraft pulp mill. CO₂ capture is energy-intensive, and thus the effects on the energy balances of the mills were estimated. When papermaking is integrated in the mill operations, energy adequacy can be a limiting factor for carbon capture implementation. Global carbon capture potential was estimated based on pulp production data. Kraft pulp mills have notable CO₂ capture potential, while the on-site utilization potential using currently available technologies is lower. The future of these processes depends on technology development, desire to reuse CO₂, and prospective changes in legislation.

     

不可再生资源利用率度量指标研究

通过分析指出不可再生资源利用率是度量可持续发展的一个重要尺度。从产值与不可再生资源消耗相比较的角度出发 ,设置了不可再生资源利用率的度量指标 :单位工业增加值不可再生资源消耗 ,并以中国为例 ,分别以重量与能值为尺度 ,计算以上所设置指标的指标值 ,并对计算结果进行分析与思考。     

我国生物质废物污染现状与资源化发展趋势

我国的生物质废物具有产生量大、可降解有机物含量高的特点,如果能对其进行有效的利用,不但能减少污染,还将会有助于缓解我国能源短缺的现状。介绍了我国生物质废物的污染现状及生物质废物资源化的主要途径,指出我国生物质废物资源化中存在的问题,并提出今后的发展方向及发展对策。