北京松山油松种群结构及空间分布格局

研究了北京松山自然保护区天然油松(Pinus tabulaeformisr)林的树冠结构和个体胸径,通过Ripley's K函数探讨了油松种群不同层次个体(幼树、小树和大树)的空间分布及空间关系,并探讨了地形(海拔高度、坡度)对油松种群空间分布的影响.结果表明,油松种群的胸径分布呈双峰型,应用Weibull函数拟合效果较好;树冠分布呈倒J型;胸径与冠幅存在显著的指数关系.油松种群呈聚集分布,但随高度增Jm(幼树→树→大树)聚集强度逐渐减弱,枯立木在样地内呈随机分布.枯立木与油松大树在1 m、5 m和13～18 m距离为显著正相关,幼树与小树在2～4 m和6～18 m距离呈显著正相关.海拔高度与油松种群呈正相关,坡度与幼树分布呈正相关,与小树和大树分布呈负相关.图5表2参24     

川西亚高山川滇高山栎灌丛地被物与土壤持水性能

为进一步研究川西亚高山灌丛的水文特性,选取米亚罗林区川滇高山栎灌丛正向演替的4种类型和杜鹃灌丛(CK),测定林下地表枯落物、苔藓和土壤的持水能力以及探讨土壤持水能力的影响因素.结果表明:(1)地表枯落物积蓄量表现为川滇高山栎-陕甘花楸灌丛(QS)杜鹃灌丛(CK)川滇高山栎-华山松灌丛(QM)川滇高山栎-云杉灌丛(QP)川滇高山栎-粉背黄栌灌丛(QC);苔藓积蓄量为QC QP QM CK;(2)枯落物最大持水量和有效拦蓄量分别为163.78-351.78 t/hm~2和17.69-79.65 t/hm~2,二者为CK QP QC QM QS;苔藓最大持水量和有效拦蓄量分别为12.48-1207.88 t/hm~2和5.24-741.07 t/hm~2,均为CK QM QP QC;(3)土壤最大持水量为887.06-1373.19t/hm~2,表现为CK QS QP QC QM;(4)土壤非毛管持水量为221.25-576.23 t/hm~2,表现为CK QP QSQM QC.(5)综合水源涵养能力为CK QP QM QS QC.综合地被物持水和土壤持水,地被物层持水能力占综合持水量的21.30%.随川滇高山栎灌丛正向演替的发展,地被物调节水量的作用逐渐增加.因此,对其灌丛维护和经营管理中,应强化地被物的监管力度.(图5表5参49)     

新疆中部天山雪岭云杉种群动态初步研究

雪岭云杉PiceaschrenkianaFisch.etMey在中部天山林区内分布于海拔1500m～2700m之间,形成一个垂直分布带。作者采用样方法进行调查,沿海拔梯度每隔100m选取两块样地(20m×20m),在海拔1500～2700m的雪岭云杉林内共选样地26块来调查中部天山雪岭云杉种群的年龄结构、密度和生物量动态。在所选样地内,调查所有雪岭云杉树木(h≥2m)的胸径并按5cm分成不同的径级,每一径级至少选取两棵树,每棵树在不同方向上钻取两个树芯,建立年龄-胸径方程推算样地内所有雪岭云杉树(h≥2m)的年龄;调查样地内所有幼苗(h<50cm)和幼树(50cm≤h<200cm)的高度并根据主干上轮枝数查数一定数目幼苗幼树的年龄,建立年龄-高度方程并推算样地内所有幼苗幼树的年龄。研究结果表明中部天山雪岭云杉种群的胸径、年龄结构和种群密度都呈倒-J型分布,种群生物量呈钟型分布,存活曲线基本介于DeeveyⅡ和DeeveyⅢ型之间。以上研究结果表明中部天山的雪岭云杉种群处于不断更新和稳定发展的时期。     

濒危植物脱皮榆种群结构与分布格局研究

对山西南部中条山和霍山脱皮榆的种群结构与分布格局进行了研究,其中根据大小结构图和存活曲线分析脱皮榆种群动态,应用扩散系数、聚集指数、平均拥挤度、聚块性指数、聚集强度、Cassie指数(1/K)、Poisson分布和负二项分布的χ2拟合检验等方法研究分布格局.结果表明,脱皮榆种群幼苗个体比例较大,总体上近于增长型种群.脱皮榆分布格局呈聚集型,这主要与物种本身的生物学和生态学特性密切相关,同时受群落内生境异质性的影响.图2表2参14     

远安大堰自然保护区马尾松天然种群分布格局

采用相邻格子样方法设立并行条形样地,以胸径分组研究远安大堰自然保护区马尾松天然种群结构,并采用6个离散分布模型和3个聚集强度指数研究格局分布型及强度,利用双向轨迹方差(TTLQV)分析马尾松种群格局规模变化.结果表明:种群内马尾松个体径级较大,古树级个体占比较大;V_(pi)为25.44%,由于缺乏更新层,种群为衰退型;马尾松种群为典型Poisson分布,聚集强度不高,格局斑块规模分别为10 m～15 m和35 m～40 m.种群的更新与保护应施加人工正向干扰,使马尾松林复层化、异龄化和混交化.     

南岭大顶山与鼎湖山常绿阔叶林种群分布格局对比研究

为了研究亚热带常绿阔叶林群落物种多样性的动态特征,在南岭大顶山和鼎湖山的常绿阔叶林各建立了1hm2永久样地。根据对样地植物物种多样性测定,研究了两地植物物种多样性的空间分布特征和多度分布特征。结果表明,位于南岭大顶山的常绿阔叶林群落较鼎湖山的季风常绿阔叶林具有更高的物种丰富度,但具有较少的胸径≥1cm的乔木个体。南岭大顶山的常绿阔叶林大多数优势种的种群为集中分布,鼎湖山的常绿阔叶林优势种的种群具有相对较多的规则分布。     

长白山阔叶红松林林分空间结构

在长白山北坡自然保护区内,建立面积为1hm~2的阔叶红松林永久标准样地,对胸径1cm以上的每株树木进行定位监测,用空间结构参数——混交度、大小比数和角尺度分析该林分的空间结构.结果表明:该林分树木个体总体上处于中度混交水平,处于乔木上层和中层的树种混交度以强度混交和完全混交为主,明显高于乔木下层树种的混交度;基于胸径计算的大小比数和基于树高计算的大小比数的结果基本一致,都能客观反映该林分在垂直方向上的分化;树木个体整体分布格局与树木大小密切相关,当树木个体起测径阶1cm≤DBH6cm时,林分呈聚集分布的格局,当起测径阶DBH6cm时,林分呈随机分布的格局.图1表4参25     

木荷地上部分生物量分布特征与生产力

对中亚热带木荷-马尾松群落中木荷种群地上部分的生物量和生产力进行了研究.在木荷地上部分的生物量中,树干生物量是群落总生物量的决定性组分,所占比重为66.06%～84.79%(干重),且随着林木径级的增大呈"中间大两头小"变化.木荷种群株数和生物量的径级分布曲线均为单峰型,且基本均呈正态分布,种群81.10%的生物量集中在11＜DBH≤27 cm径级,反映出木荷具有很好的速生特性.木荷种群地上部分平均现存生物量为209.59 t hm-2,年平均生产力为14.729 t hm-2 a-1,符合Whittaker、Rodin等估算的地球上及亚热带半干旱半湿润地区植物生产力估测值,虽然木荷-马尾松林造林时间不长,其生产力已较为可观,并具有相当的潜力.图2表3参21     

采伐迹地青()和云杉两种人工群落生长规律的初步研究

研究了采伐迹地32a生的青(x)(Picea wilsonii)和29 a生的云杉(Picea asperata)两种人工群落平均木地径(Db/cm)、胸径(DBH/cm)、树高(h/m)、生物量(Vind/m3)以及群落的生物量(V/m3hm-2)生长过程,探讨了两群落的生物量和两种群个体数分布规律.主要结果为:①云杉的平均带皮地径(Dbb/cm)、带皮胸径(DBHb/cm)、平均h和Vind分别为16.3、12.9、9.14、0.05908,而青的则分别为8.1、5.2、5.65、0.00571.②云杉和青群落的V/m3.hm-2分别是155.09和23.55.③云杉Db、DBH、h、和Vind生长高峰期分别在树龄10～16 a、14～18 a、20～24 a和20 a;而青(x)的上述值生长高峰期则分别在树龄24 a、18～22 a、20～24 a和32 a.④按胸径级分布,云杉和青(x)群落中胸径＜13 cm的个体的V分别占各群落总生物量(Vt)的25.51%和100%;其个体数分别占各群落总个体数的58.74%和100%.⑤按生长级分布,云杉和青群落的I、II级木的V分别占各群落Vt的90%和57.64%;其个体数分别占各群落总个体数的63.7%和22.08%.     

北京山区典型流域不同海拔椴树种群的空间点格局分析

采用点格局分析法对不同海拔的椴树（Tilia miqueliana Maxim.）种群进行分布格局及其种间关系进行了研究。结果表明：整体上群落内以中龄树个体数为最多,小树次之,成年树个体最少。随着海拔的增加可以看出：小树（d≤5 cm）随着海拔的增加而减少,中树（5 cm20 cm）的规律不明显;椴树种群的空间分布格局与空间尺度（25 m内）有密切关系,在较小的空间尺度上倾向于非随机分布,具有明显的空间相关性;在〉15 m或25m的某临界尺度时却倾向于随机分布,同时空间关联变得微弱。随着海拔的增加,各物种聚集分布的尺度有逐渐减小的趋势。种间关系随着海拔的增加,物种间的正相关尺度有增加的趋势。     

Population structure and community characteristics of Acer catalpifolium Rehd北大核心CSCD

Acer catalpifolium Rehd., a critically endangered tree species with an extremely limited range of distribution, is one of the 120 plant species with extremely small populations, as approved by the state forestry administration of the People's Republic of China and requires urgent rescue action. In order to comprehensively understand the population status and the future developmental trend of A. catalpifolium, the plant communities were investigated from 5 sites, including Caishenmiao (CSM), Banruosi (BRS), Zhangshancun (ZSC), Fuhusi (FHS), and Baoguosi (BGS). The population structure of A. catalpifolium as well as the species composition and community characteristics of its habitat were investigated. The results showed that A. catalpifolium is mainly distributed in the evergreen broad-leaved and deciduous broad-leaved mixed forests, in different community layers, namely, the tree layer, shrub layer, and herb layer, and is accompanied by 52, 74, and 52 plant species, respectively. Analyses of the distribution of population abundance revealed that BRS had the largest distribution of A. catalpifolium, accounting for 26.04% of the total population, followed by FHS, ZSC, BGS, and CSM, in that order. Analyses of the community characteristics revealed that the species diversity indices in FHS, BRS, BGS, and CSM were greater than that in ZSC. Analyses of the population age structure of A. catalpifolium revealed the gap in the distribution of the levels of seedlings and young trees. There were serious obstacles to the regeneration of the natural population. We concluded that the obstacle to the regeneration of the population of A. catalpifolium might be caused by the high competitive pressure from the dominant species and the micro-environment in the forest. Understanding the community characteristics and the population structure of A. catalpifolium could provide a theoretical foundation for its reintroduction and recovery. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Exploring Population Dynamics Patterns in a Rare Fish, Zingel asper, through Capture-Mark-Recapture Methods

Abstract:  We performed a capture-mark-recapture study on one of the last populations of Zingel asper , an endemic percid species of the Rhône River basin in France. The distribution of Z. asper has decreased dramatically during the last century. We sampled three sites in suitable habitats in the Beaume River. No impact of individual tagging on survival was found. The demography of the population was analyzed using capture-recapture methods that allow the estimation of survival, recruitment, and demographic growth rates. Annual survival rates were low (0.35–0.50). The level of transience was high (5% to 25%), suggesting that a significant number of individuals were highly mobile or shifted to suboptimal habitats. Seniority rates suggested random highly variable recruitment between years. The three sites had similar variation patterns in all demographic parameters, indicating broad spatial covariation in population dynamics. We found some local differences in demographic parameters, which could be linked to local habitat quality. Individual tagging allowed for the estimation of demographic parameters that improved our understanding of Z. asper population dynamics and revealed mechanisms that may affect population persistence, such as stochastic recruitment, low survival, and frequent dispersal. The fragmentation of habitat through river damming inhibits dispersal and represents a threat to the persistence of Z. asper in the Rhône basin. Our results offer evidence of the importance of dispersal in nonmigratory fishes and confirm the usefulness of individual tagging methods in rare fish demography.     

岷江上游林草交错带祁连山圆柏群落的物种多样性及乔木种群的分布格局

应用5种多样性指数对祁连山圆柏群落的物种多样性进行了研究，并采用相邻格子样方法测定了乔木种群及其各立木级的分布格局．结果表明，灌木层的物种多样性偏低，而草本层多样性较高，群落总的物种多样性(以丰富度表示)较高．群落总的物种多样性较高是由于较低的灌木层多样性与较高的草本层多样性综合作用的结果，与放牧影响、阳坡的干燥环境有关，可能是林草交错区固有的特点．乔木种群的分布格局呈现出集群分布，但在其发育过程中显示了动态变化的特征，即在幼苗和小树阶段为集群分布，到了大树阶段转变为随机分布或均匀分布．表6参32     

青海湖几种主要湿地植物的种群分布格局及动态

应用种群生态空间分布的分析方法，研究了青海湖四种主要湿地植物：杉叶藻（Hippuris vulgaris)、槽杆荸荠（Eleocharis valleculosa)、华扁穗莞（Blysmus sinocompresus)、碱蓬（Suaeda glauca)的空间分布格局及其动态，研究表明：杉叶藻、槽杆荸荠、华扁穗莞三种群由侵入期、定期初期到种群发育盛期的过程中，其集群程度先增大后减小，总体呈扩散的趋势；碱蓬种群，从幼苗到繁殖期，集群程度增大，呈聚集的趋势，说明前三种植物的克隆繁殖方式于滨湖湿地生境具有更好的生态适应性，图2表3参11     

Lyapunov stability for an age-structured population model

This is a short notice on the McKendrick equation that I actually learned from Yu.M. Svirezhev in the 1990s. This McKendrick equation modelling the evolution in time of an age-structured population has received attention recently from mathematicians. The initial and boundary conditions for the McKendrick equation imposed by the population model are not the standard side conditions one sees in PDE theory for an evolution equation. In the simplest case, the problem reduces to a well-known model in demography, the Lotka integral equation.     

Indigenous Uses, Population Density, and Conservation of Threatened Medicinal Plants in Protected Areas of the Indian Himalayas

Abstract:  For 10 years I monitored the population density of threatened medicinal plant species in seven protected areas in the Indian Himalayas. I also documented the indigenous uses of threatened medicinal plants through interviews with 138 herbal healers (83 Tibetan healers and 55 Ayurvedic healers) residing in the buffer zone villages of these protected areas. To assess the population status of threatened medicinal plant species, I sampled the 10 major habitat types in the protected areas. In all, I found 60 threatened medicinal plant species during the study period, of which 54 species occurred in the sampling plots. Twenty-two percent of threatened medicinal plant species were critically endangered, 16% were endangered, and 27% were vulnerable. Thirty-two threatened medicinal plant species were endemic to the Himalayan region. The density of threatened medicinal plant species varied with protected areas. The Valley of Flowers protected area had the highest number of threatened medicinal plant species. The "moist" habitat type was richest in these species among all 10 habitat types sampled. Arnebia euchroma (Royle ex Benth.) Johnston and Ephedra gerardiana Wall. ex Stapf. were the most common threatened medicinal plant species. The indigenous groups of healers used these threatened species in curing about 45 different ailments. Based on my findings, I believe that to ensure the long-term sustainability of threatened medicinal plants, medicinal-plant conservation areas should be established.     

Modelling environmental stochasticity in adult survival for a long-lived species

Stochastic matrix population models are often used to help guide the management of animal populations. For a long-lived species, environmental stochasticity in adult survival will play an important role in determining outcomes from the model. One of the most common methods for modelling such stochasticity is to randomly select the value of adult survival for each year from a distribution with a specified mean and standard deviation. We consider four distributions that can provide realistic models for stochasticity in adult survival. For values of the mean and standard deviation that cover the range we would expect for long-lived species, all four distributions have similar shapes, with small differences in their skewness and kurtosis. This suggests that many of the outcomes from a population model will be insensitive to the choice of distribution, assuming that distribution provides a realistic model for environmental stochasticity in adult survival. For a generic age-structured model, the estimate of the long-run stochastic growth rate is almost identical for the four distributions, across this range of values for the mean and standard deviation. Model outcomes based on short-term projections, such as the probability of a decline over a 20-year period, are more sensitive to the choice of distribution.     

内蒙古沙地森林草原过渡带中沙地云彬种群动态

沙地云彬是我国内蒙东部沙地森林草原过渡带的特有濒危树种，沙地杉林是陆地上非常特殊的森林生态系统类型。本文研究了沙地云杉的种群动态，建立了沙地云杉种群生命表、年龄结构、存活曲线和生殖力表，同时研究了沙地云杉种群分布格局及增长动态，可为沙地治理和沙地森林生态系统研究提供科学依据。     

鼓翅皱膝蝗生态学特性研究

在甘肃省夏河县对鼓翅皱膝蝗的种群结构、数量变动、空间格局及动脉进行了系统研究。鼓翅皱膝蝗1a发生1代，以卵在土中越冬，翌年5月中旬开始孵化出土，6月上旬达到出土高峰，此期蝗虫种群仅由1龄和2龄蝗蝻组成，其中1龄蝗蝻占81.8％，2龄蝗蝻占18.2％，成虫于7月上旬开始羽化，8月上旬达到羽化高峰，此期的成虫数量达61.3％，而蝗蝻仅占38.7％，蝗蝻期约为72d，成虫寿命54d左右，每雌平均产卵32.6粒。鼓翅皱膝蝗在草地上属聚集分布，蝗蝻发生期种群的空间动态主要表现出扩散趋势，但初孵化出土时有短暂的聚集行为。取食量随龄期增大而增大，每头鼓翅皱膝蝗取食牧草量蝗蝻期平均为1.5g，成早期约为5.8g，成早期的食量是蝗蝻期的3.7倍。表3参12