Sand and dust storms: underrated natural hazards

Sand and dust storms (SDS) are wind erosion events typically associated with dryland regions, although they can occur in most environments and their impacts are frequently experienced outside drylands because desert dust haze often is transported great distances. SDS represent hazards to society in numerous ways, yet they do not feature prominently in the disasters literature. This paper considers SDS in a hazard context by examining their ramifications in economic, physical, and social terms, with a focus on agriculture, health, transport, utilities, households, and the commercial and manufacturing sector. There are few assessments of the economic consequences of SDS and those studies that have been conducted lack consistency in data collection methods and analysis. SDS do not result in the significant damage to infrastructure usually associated with many disasters, but the cumulative effects on society can be significant because SDS occur more commonly than most other types of natural hazard.     

A general assessment of the environmental impact of refugees in Somalia with attention to the refugee agricultural programme

This paper attempts to examine the broad features of Somalia's harsh physical environment into which several hundreds of thousands of refugees, with mainly a nomadic or semi-nomadic life style and culture, dramatically descended six years ago. The thirty-six rural camps in which at least half of them live are described as is the refugee agricultural programme which is training several thousand families so that they may be "self-supporting." The four regions where the camps are located are each briefly summarized in terms of their soils, their climates, their natural vegetation, and the type of agriculture which the refugee farmers practice. A more detailed analysis is then given on the following critical environmental concerns: Vegetation and erosion on refugee farms, the growing problem of refugee livestock, the destruction of trees, and irrigation practices and salinity on refugee farms. The paper concludes with an argument to preserve Somalia's environment from careless and destructive exploitation, which is leading towards desertification, and calls for an in-depth study of the situation.     

水土流失灾害防治与黄河经济开发

本文以大量资料和史实,论证了水土流失对工矿、交通、水利、农业等基础工业、基础设施和基础产业的危害;阐明了防治水土流失灾害,是治理黄河的根本,是经济建设的基础,对于黄河流域资源开发具有促进和保障作用。     

冬小麦旱灾风险评价的指标体系构建及应用——基于2009年北方春旱野外实地考察的认识

2009年2月初,我国北方冬麦区遭受了数十年未遇的严重干旱。基于野外实地考察,判断本次干旱对冬小麦造成的实际影响比气象统计与遥感监测结果要轻,同时因纬度、地貌类型、微地貌和田间管理水平的不同而呈现出明显的区域差异。在此基础上,提出应在已有的旱灾致灾指标（气象干旱）基础上,综合考虑地带性、地貌、水库等孕灾环境指标和田间管理水平等灾害适应指标来构建冬小麦旱灾风险的综合评价指标体系。并以北方冬麦区为例,选取SPI、地貌类型、DEM和水库缓冲区等指标得到的旱灾综合风险等级与实际旱情存在较高的吻合性。研究可为高风险区的冬小麦旱灾风险防范提供理论依据和案例支撑。     

NEW STRATEGIES FOR AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN CHINA''''S MOUNTAIN AREAS

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山东省海岸侵蚀灾害研究

本文根据大量外业调查资料,阐述了山东海岸侵蚀灾害状况.并探讨了山东海岸侵蚀原因,认为自然条件的变化和人类活动的影响是引起海岸侵蚀的原因,作者强调指出,人类活动在海岸侵蚀和灾害中起更重要的作用。     

中国海岸侵蚀危害及其防治

防治海岸侵蚀是减灾防灾的一项重要内容．本文从海岸侵蚀的产生机理出发，针对其造成危害的侵蚀分布特点加以论述，并给出了应采取的整治对策．     

黄土高原丘陵沟壑区坡面-沟道系统中的高含沙水流(Ⅰ)--地貌因素与重力侵蚀的影响

以黄河中游多沙粗沙区子洲径流站和离石王家沟试验站的径流场观测资料为基础,对黄土高原丘陵沟壑区坡沟系统中高含沙水流特征与地貌因素及重力侵蚀的关系进行了研究.研究结果表明,黄土坡面的地貌垂直结构和由此所决定的侵蚀作用垂直分异,对坡面高含沙水流的形成有很大的影响,高含沙水流形成于峁坡下部和沟坡,并在各级沟道中进一步发展.坡度对高含沙水流的形成有较大影响,如果侵蚀过程以溅蚀、面蚀、细沟侵蚀为主,不发生切沟及显著的重力侵蚀,则存在着一个坡度临界值,大于此值后,含沙量反而减小.重力侵蚀对坡沟系统高含沙水流的形成起着十分重要的作用,由于强烈的重力侵蚀的参与,高含沙水流的沙峰滞后于洪峰,落水阶段的含沙量常常大于同流量下涨水阶段的含沙量.     

我国农业灾害统计中存在的问题

农业灾害统计作为认识和分析农业灾害问题的主要环节，对实现我国农业的可持续发展具有十分重要的作用。在分析我国农业灾害统计资料的基础上，指出当前我国农业灾害统计工作中主要存在的统计指标体系设置不合理、统计规范性差、统计方法落后和统计组织管理不完善等问题。     

湖南2005年农业旱灾及其抗旱效益的优势分析

通过对典型严重旱灾年的灾情分析,得出湖南2005年严重旱灾的一般特点。并且运用灰色系统理论对湖南农业旱灾抗旱效益进行了优势分析,结果为经济作物抗旱效益为准优系统特征数列,粮食抗旱效益为最劣系统特征数列;农作物受旱面积为准优相关因素数列,现有县级服务组织数量为最劣相关因素数列。     

灾害对国民经济影响的定量分析模型及其应用

自然灾害对国民经济和人民生活能造成巨大的损失 ,因此 ,研究灾害对国民经济的影响具有重要的意义。灾害系统是一个十分复杂的系统 ,直接建立灾害对国民经济影响的定量分析模型比较困难。本文基于投入产出方法 ,讨论了直接和间接经济损失在投入 -产出表中的表达方式 ,建立了灾害损失评估的定量分析模型 ,并以农业为例 ,分析了自然灾害造成的农业总产值损失对整个经济系统的影响。     

农业旱灾脆弱性评价--以北方农牧交错带兴和县为例

基于区域自然灾害系统理论,构建了农业旱灾灾害系统及其脆弱性评价指标体系,建立了农业旱灾脆弱性综合评价模型,指出农业旱灾脆弱性评价是一个过程性评价:灾前-灾中强调区域农业生产系统的易损性,灾中-灾后强调区域里的人应对旱灾的适应性.以地处北方农牧交错带的兴和县为例,进行了农业旱灾脆弱性评价,结果表明:农牧交错带的农业旱灾脆弱性在县域尺度上主要受农牧用地比例的影响,在农户尺度上取决于非农牧收入比例的大小,所以合理、有效的农牧结合发展和非农牧产业发展有利于降低该地区的农业旱灾脆弱性.     

甘肃河西地区土地荒漠化的现状、成因及其防治

甘肃省河西地区是我国荒漠化发生最重要的地区之一,其荒漠化主要类型有风蚀漠化、水蚀荒漠化和土壤盐渍化。全区现有各类荒漠化土地21．3万km^2,其中分布最广泛的沙质荒漠化土有17．59万km^2。荒漠化对当地居民的社会经济生活带来了多方面的危害。河西地区荒漠化的形成有其自然和人为两方面的原因;河西地区自然条件恶劣,干旱、风大、沙多、植被稀疏;以及生产实践中、水、土、植被资源等缺乏科学、合理的利用是引起荒漠化的主要原因。为了防治和轻减河西地区的荒漠化,提出了几点防治对策;首先是控制人口增长、提高人口素质;其次是调整产业结构,合理利用资源;第三是加大荒漠化防治的投入,尤其是防沙治沙中资金、科研、人才的投入,建设重点荒漠化防治项目,使河西地区最普遍的沙质荒漠化得到遏制;第四是加强管理,提高科学管理水平,加强执法力度。     

福建省干旱的时空分布及其对农业生产的影响

通过对福建省66个县近44年的干旱资料分析,阐述了该省春旱、夏旱和秋冬旱的时空分布特点及其对农业生产的影响。结果表明,福建干旱以夏旱为主,秋冬旱次之;各类干旱以小旱为主,中旱次之,大、特旱则仅占四分之一。春旱在中南部沿海地区高发;夏季小、中旱以中南部沿海地区多发,大、特旱以厦门、莆田、福州地区多发;秋冬旱是南部多于北部地区。对农业生产影响较大的是春旱和夏旱,尤以夏季的大、特旱威胁最大。     

The 2009/2010 Caribbean drought: a case study

The impacts of drought in the Caribbean have not been as dramatic as in some other parts of world, but it is not exempt from the experiences of drought. As a result of the effects of a prolonged drought in 2009/2010, the agenda for the 21st Inter‐Sessional Meeting of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) paid particular attention to the issue of drought. This paper reviews the management framework for responding to drought disasters in five CARICOM countries. The paper also reports on some of the effects of the 2009/2010 drought with particular reference to Grenada and the Grenadines. During the drought in these islands there were numerous bush fires with devastating effects on agriculture, severe water shortages that impacted on the tourism industry and other social effects. It is evident that there was inadequate preparation for the event. Greater planning and investment are therefore required to reduce future impacts.     

区域农业水分供应脆弱性分析及定量损失评估

采用积分湿度指数方法,建立了区域农业水分供应脆弱性分析模型,并以山东省为案例进行了应用研究,结果表明:无论春、夏、秋季还是年平均的积分湿度指数值,均呈从东南到西北递减的趋势,说明自然降水对农业需水的满足程度沿该方向递减。对山东省而言,农业用水的满足程度在季节上也存在较大的差异,夏季降水在农业满足程度方面最高、秋季次之、春季最差。由于气候因子的年变异较大,积分湿度指数的年变异亦大;根据作物产量的形成为一动态过程,作物整个生育期内的每一个生长阶段都对其最终产量有一定的贡献,利用积分回归模式对作物全生育期中每一旬降水因子与产量的定量关系进行模拟分析,得到了主要农作物全生育期内每旬降水对最终产量的贡献系数。根据每旬降水对产量的贡献系数和作物受旱指标,建立了作物旱灾损失评估模型。     

上海城市发展与其海域赤潮的关系分析

近年来，我国沿海地区赤潮爆发频率明显增加，规模不断扩大，对沿海经济的危害程度日益加重。赤潮是自然环境和人类活动共同作用的结果，如何科学地分析沿海城市的经济发展与赤潮灾害的关系已成为迫切需要解决的问题。本文将1978～2004年上海城市发展的相关指标与其海域赤潮发生频率及累计影响面积进行对比分析，结果表明：27年间上海海域出现了2次赤潮高峰期；赤潮灾害规模与上海城市的经济发展、人口增长、沿岸养殖业及农业、陆源排泄物等有密切关系；随着经济的快速发展，上海海域的赤潮频率及影响面积也在不断增加。     

湖南省主要自然灾害及减灾策略

本文概述了湖南省的干旱、洪涝、低温冷害、冰雹、风灾、冰冻、农业病虫害、森林火灾水土流失、地震等主要自然灾害的时空分布特征及其对国民经济的影响,并对主要灾害的发展作出了预测,最后提出了减灾策略。     

Fieldwork after conflict: contextualising the challenges of access and data quality

Despite sustained scholarly interest in post‐conflict states, there has not been a thorough review and analysis of associated methodology and the challenges of conducting research in these contexts. Addressing this gap, this paper directs attention to the particular effects of these settings on access and data quality and their ramifications for the resulting scholarship. It assesses the intrinsic challenges of performing fieldwork in these environments, drawing on both relevant social science literature and the authors’ experiences of carrying out research in Afghanistan and Timor‐Leste. The study demonstrates that the post‐conflict environment moulds research design and, consequently, influences how questions are answered as well as the questions asked. Moreover, it highlights ways to mitigate these issues. This work is of relevance to scholars planning to engage in field research and to researchers reflecting upon their work, as well as to policymakers who are considering undertaking programmes or commissioning research in post‐conflict areas.     

湖南省农业生态环境现状分析及应对措施

湖南省正处在经济快速发展时期,协调经济、社会、资源、环境保护之间的关系,保证区域农业和农村经济可持续发展,是迫切需要解决的根本问题之一。本文指出了目前湖南主要面临着农业资源减少、水土流失严重、农业生态环境污染加剧、农业环境污染事故频繁发生和农产品质量下降等农业生态环境问题,从群众认识、环境管理、资金投入等方面,分析了造成湖南农业生态环境污染和破坏的原因,简要介绍了国际上农业环境保护的先进经验和发展趋势,提出了解决湖南省农业生态环境问题的应对措施。