中国农业机械的使用特征及其尾气排放的时空分布

我国农业机械保有量巨大且其尾气排放不容忽视.了解其使用特征、分析其尾气排放的时空分布,对提高非道路机械尾气排放清单准确性、制定减排政策具有重要意义.本研究通过实际调研获取我国农业机械的活动水平,并在此基础上分析其活动水平与机械类型、车龄、分布地区之间的关系,以此量化其使用特征;使用BP神经网络的方法预测我国2020—2025年农业机械保有量,结合调研的活动水平和收集的排放因子数据,估算我国2020—2025年农业机械尾气污染物排放清单;基于各省份农业机械保有量、活动水平的差异,探讨我国农业机械尾气排放的空间分布.研究结果表明：①我国农业机械的使用因机械类型、车龄、分布地区等因素的影响存在较大的变化性.农业机械的年均工作时间可在217~1721 h·a^-1之间变化,单台机械年均耗油量可在0.2~10.5 t·a^-1之间变化.②据本研究预测,2020年后,我国农业机械保有量将持续增长,受排放标准提升、老旧机械淘汰等减排措施的影响,其尾气排放呈下降趋势,到2025年,农业机械CO、HC、NO_x和PM_2.5排放将比2020年下降0.1%~26.2%.③与地区的农业机械保有量密切相关,河南、山东、安徽的农业机械尾气排放量最大.与春季相比,秋季各省份农业机械尾气排放更为显著.     

我国典型工程机械燃油消耗量及排放清单研究

建立非道路移动机械排放清单是对其污染进行控制的基础.本研究参考美国环保署NONROAD模型中非道路移动源排放模拟的基本方法,建立基于实际燃油消耗率估算我国工程机械燃油消耗量及排放清单的方法.通过调查分析我国典型工程机械的保有量构成、活动水平、实际燃油消耗率和排放因子等相关参数,估算了2007年我国挖掘机和装载机两类典型工程机械的油耗量及排放量.结果表明,我国2007年挖掘机和装载机的柴油总消耗量为1.21×107 t,占当年全国各行业柴油总消耗量的9.7%;NOx和PM的总排放量分别6.81×105 t和5.31×104 t,与当年全国道路机动车的NOx和PM排放总量相比,工程机械的排放已经不容忽视.尽快加严并有效实施我国工程机械用发动机排放标准对控制其排放具有重要意义.     

长株潭区域机动车尾气排放清单及特征分析

通过建立2012年长株潭区域机动车尾气排放清单,分析了区域内机动车尾气排放特征,研究了排放的时空分配因子,并对清单进行了不确定性分析。结果表明:2012年长株潭区域道路机动车尾气CO、HC、NO_x、PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、VOCs、NH_3排放量分别约为11.86、1.78、3.88、0.23、0.26、2.52、0.06万t。其中,载货汽车是NOx、PM、PM2.5的主要贡献源,载客汽车和摩托车是CO主要贡献源,摩托车是VOCs的主要贡献源,而载客汽车是NH3的主要贡献源。国I前标准车辆对CO、HC、VOCs的贡献率分别约为33.5%、31.8%、53.9%,国I标准车辆CO、HC、NO_x、PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、VOCs、NH_3的贡献率分别约为38.6%、40.4%、47.4%、54.1%、54.1%、17.1%、16.2%,均高于车辆保有量的占有率,因此控制尾气排放应从国I前、国I车入手。此外,一周中工作日,每天08:00和17:00排放量占比较大,城区的空间分配因子明显高于郊区及乡镇区域,城镇居民使用车量对机动车尾气排放量影响较大。道路机动车排放清单估算过程中不确定性主要来自活动水平数据,尤其是平均行驶里程的选取上。     

江苏省非道路移动源大气污染排放清单研究

以江苏省非道路移动源为研究对象,通过文献资料调研、问卷调查等方法获取非道路移动源活动水平数据,分析了2015年度江苏省非道路移动源大气污染排放情况。结果表明:非道路移动源PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、HC、NOx、CO、SO_2等污染物排放总量分别为23878.3 t、18925.8 t、21673.6 t、430193.9 t、62846.0 t和112403.5 t;内河船舶各类污染物排放量均为非道路移动源污染物排放量之首,占总排放量的51.9%～90.4%,工程机械、农业机械以及内河船舶三类非道路移动源排放量占总排放量的95%以上,工程机械、农业机械以及内河船舶应作为非道路移动源大气污染排放控制的重点;非道路移动源排放的二氧化硫、氮氧化物和PM_(10)分别占全省废气污染物排放量的6.3%、19.0%和1.8%。     

长三角区域非道路移动机械排放清单及预测

基于长三角典型城市非道路移动机械实地调查成果,结合长三角各城市非道路移动机械相关指标现状及变化趋势,建立了长三角三省一市非道路移动机械大气污染源排放清单,并开展了2005~2025年区域非道路移动机械保有量、燃油消费量及污染物排放量预测.2014年长三角非道路移动机械总量约为8.23×106台,柴油消费量约9.95×106t,SO_2、NO_x、CO、VOCs、PM10和PM_(2.5)排放分别为5.5×10~3、4.9×10~5、7.6×10~5、1.1×10~5、2.9×10~4和2.7×10~4t,农用机械占长三角机械总量的93%,CO和VOCs排放贡献分别为88%和77%;建筑及市政工程机械的NO_x和PM_(2.5)排放贡献较为突出,分别占49%和35%.长三角中部和北部城市机械排放贡献相对突出.2005~2014年间,长三角地区非道路移动机械保有量、油耗及排放增幅均相对较快,预计到2020和2025年,区域非道路移动机械总量增速明显放缓,柴油消费量分别比2014年增加2%和8%.到2020年,SO_2、NO_x、CO、VOCs、PM10和PM_(2.5)排放分别比2014年下降97%、10%、3%、10%、11%和11%;到2025年分别下降97%、16%、3%、15%、21%和21%.预计未来长三角区域非道路移动机械排放将呈现逐年下降趋势,但相比机动车降幅仍相对较小,其排放贡献将日益突出,加快老旧机械淘汰并进一步提升机械排放标准对削减非道路移动机械排放总量具有十分重要的意义.     

成都市非道路施工机械排放清单研究

随着大气污染控制形势的日益严峻,非道路移动源排放日益受到关注.本研究通过软件调研获得了成都市非道路施工机械保有量、功率分布,通过现场及文献调研获得了非道路施工机械活动水平数据.参照《非道路移动污染源排放清单编制技术指南(试行)》中的方法,计算了成都市2018年非道路施工机械排放清单.结果表明,2018年成都市非道路施工机械PM、HC、NO_x和CO的排放量分别为845、2898、16738、11231 t.按机械类型划分,挖掘机4项污染物排放占比最高,PM、HC、NO_x和CO分别占59%、61%、59%和62%;按排放阶段划分,国2机械4项污染物排放占比最高,PM、HC、NO_x和CO分别占55%、66%、68%和65%.排放清单结果的不确定性受到多种因素的影响,其中影响最大的为排放因子.     

南昌市移动源排放清单研究

根据收集的南昌市移动源活动水平数据,采用合适的估算方法、排放因子和GIS技术,建立了南昌市2007—2014年移动源排放清单,并对2014年移动源清单进行了空间化处理与分析,空间分辨率为1 km×1 km.结果表明,2007—2014年南昌市移动源共向大气排放CO、HC、NO_x、PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、SO_2分别为18.26×10~4、5.07×10~4、18.46×10~4、0.99×10~4、1.08×10~4、3.31×10~4t.其中,2014年移动源向大气中排放的这6种污染物总量分别为2.14×10~4、0.76×10~4、1.97×10~4、0.08×10~4、0.09×10~4、0.55×10~4t.道路移动源中,汽油小型客车是CO、HC和SO_2最大的贡献源,排放量分别占机动车排放总量的55.1%、78.5%和56.1%;柴油重型货车是NO_x、PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)排放贡献率最大的车型,分别占43.2%、40%和40%.非道路移动源中,小型拖拉机对CO、HC、NO_x、PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)的贡献率均较大,分别占非道路移动源排放总量的29.9%、26.9%、23.4%、29.5%和29.8%;SO_2排放主要来源于船舶,占非道路移动源SO_2排放总量的45.1%.高污染排放集中的区域,主要是青山湖区、西湖区和东湖区.     

四川省非道路移动源大气污染物排放清单研究

根据调查收集到的2015年四川省工程机械、农业机械、铁路机车、船舶和民航飞机的保有量、活动水平等数据,采用"排放因子法"计算了非道路移动源大气污染物排放量,分析了2015四川省非道路移动源的尾气污染排放特征,并建立了3km×3km的网格化排放清单.结果表明,2015年四川省非道路移动源排放的PM₁₀为1.38×10⁴t,PM_2.5为1.25×10⁴t,NO_x为1.83×10⁵t,THC为2.98×10⁴t,CO为1.21×10⁵t.工程机械对污染物的贡献率相对较高,占比达到70%;其次为农业机械,对NO_x和PM的贡献占比分别达到15%.工程机械和农业机械的排放主要集中在夏季和秋季,而飞机、铁路机车和船舶的时间变化较不明显;而从空间分布来看,高排放源主要分布于成都平原地区和川南地区.     

天津市非道路移动源污染物排放清单开发

基于天津市非道路移动源污染管控需求,根据调研收集到的2015年非道路移动源活动水平数据,采用环保部《非道路移动污染源排放清单编制技术指南(试行)》推荐的核算方法,建立较为完整的天津市非道路移动源排放清单,分析污染物的时空分布.2015年,天津市非道路移动源排放CO 6.15×10~3t、HC 2.45×10~3t、NO_x2.90×10~4t、PM 1.45×10~3t、SO_21.37×10~4t.船舶污染物排放占比最高,为所有非道路移动源污染物排放总量的73.66%,主要分布于天津港区;其次是非道路移动机械,占21.66%,主要分布于市郊种植业和养殖业区县、城市建设和人群活动较为密集的城区;民航飞机和铁路机车占比较小,分别为3.55%和1.13%,主要分布于机场和铁路沿线.总体上,非道路移动源从3月开始排放量逐渐升高,而年底和年初(冬季)排放量相对较低.     

北京城市副中心道路扬尘排放清单与控制情景

为了分析北京城市副中心区域道路扬尘排放现状和未来的控制情景,文章基于自下而上的方法建立的高分辨率道路扬尘排放清单,综合考虑路网密度、车流量、路面积尘负荷等相关参数变化趋势,分析2020和2025年道路扬尘的控制情景。结果显示,2015年城市副中心区域高速路、国道、省道、县道、乡道、城市道路积尘负荷分别为0.11、0.18、0.37、0.50、0.79和0.48 g/m~2,道路扬尘PM_(2.5)排放量为1 374 t,维持目前控制措施随着机动车活动水平增加,道路扬尘PM_(2.5)排放量逐年增加,2020年的排放量约为2015年的1.75倍,2025年排放量为2015年的2倍。通过源头控制减少尘土进入路面,并采取道路清扫、冲洗等控制措施后,积尘负荷显著下降。预测了未来年份的路网分布和车流量变化趋势,通过控制情景设置和类比法预测积尘负荷下降比例,到2020年道路扬尘PM_(2.5)排放量比2015年降低约23%,到2025年减少约43%。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.